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Server 2008 key terms
Configuring windows server 2008
60
Computer Networking
Not Applicable
03/02/2011

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Term
Address Block
Definition
A group of contiguous addresses that can be expressed with a single network address and a subnet mask. Ex: 10.10.10.192/26
Term
Broadcast
Definition
a type of network transmission in which a signal is sent to all computers on a local subnet.
Term
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Definition
a technology deployed on a router that hides the addresses on one network and allows computers on private ranges to communicate with computers on the internet.
Term
private address ranges
Definition
specific IPv4 ranges that can be employed by any organization for private use.
Term
subnet mask
Definition
a 32bit number used by a host on an IPv4 network to differentiate the network ID portion of an IPv4 address from the host ID portion.
Term
Domain Name System (DNS)
Definition
The hierarchical (multitag) naming and name resolution system used on the internet and in Windows networks.
Term
dynamic updates
Definition
the feature in which DNS clients can automatically register and update their own resource records in DNS.
Term
forwarder
Definition
a DNS server (not a root server) to which unresolved queries are sent by a forwarding DNS server.
Term
forwarding
Definition
for a DNS server, the process of sending to another specified DNS server (not the root server) any query that the original DNS server cannot answer.
Term
aging
Definition
the process of tracking the age of resource records in a zone.
Term
application directory partition
Definition
a partition in AD that is reserved for use with a specific application, such as DNS. In WinServer 2003 and WinServer 2008, domain controllers that are DNS servers include two application directory partitions by default: DomainDnsZones and ForestDnsZones.
Term
master zone
Definition
a zone, usually a primary zone, from which a transfer is performed to a secondary or stub zone.
Term
primary zone
Definition
a read-write copy of a zone that provides the original source data for a portion of a DNS namespace.
Term
replication
Definition
the automatic synchronization of data that occurs among domain controllers in an AD domain.
Term
scavenging
Definition
the process of deleting outdated records in a zone.
Term
secondary zone
Definition
a standard zone stored in a text file that provides a read-only copy of zone data.
Term
stub zone
Definition
a zone that includes only a list of servers authoritative for names in a specific DNS domain.
Term
zone
Definition
a database on a DNS server that includes the authoritative data for computer name-to-address mappings of a particular portion of a DNS namespace. A zone is assigned the same names as the domain for which it contains the data.
Term
zone transfers
Definition
the periodic zone copies that must occur between a master and a secondary zone in order to keep zone data current.
Term
Authentication Header (AH)
Definition
The security protocol in IPsec that ensures data authentication and integrity.
Term
Default User class
Definition
An options class to which all DHCP clients belong. When you assign a DHCP option to the "blank", all DHCP clients receive the option.
Term
defense-in-depth
Definition
A security technique that reduces risk by providing multiple layers of protection. With "blank", if one security layer fails, another layer continues to provide protection.
Term
downstream server
Definition
The server that synchronizes updates from an upstream server when you are designing WSUS architectures.
Term
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
Definition
The security protocol in IPsec that provides data encapsulation.
Term
exclusion
Definition
An IP address that falls within the range of a DHCP server scope but that is configured not to be leased to DHCP clients.
Term
fully qualified domain name (FQDN)
Definition
A computer's host name concatenated with its DNS suffix. An FQDN is a name that can be queried for in a DNS infrastructure. An example of an FQDN is server1.contoso.com.
Term
hop
Definition
A router or gateway.
Term
host route
Definition
A route that directs traffic to a single IP address. DHCP NAP enforcement uses host routes to allow a noncompliant computer to access remediation resources.
Term
HOSTS
Definition
A manually configured file sometimes used by the local system to map DNS names to IP addresses.
Term
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Definition
The messaging protocol built into IP on which the Ping and Tracert utilities are based.
Term
Internet Printing Protocol (IPP)
Definition
A printing protocol that uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). HTTP can work through most proxy servers and firewalls.
Term
Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)
Definition
An Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards-based suite of protocols whose purpose is to provide data authentication and encryption for IP networks.
Term
iteration
Definition
For a DNS client or server, the process of making multiple queries to servers in a DNS namespace. "blank" is performed on the basis of referrals received from queried servers.
Term
Kerberos
Definition
The data authentication protocol native to Active Directory.
Term
Line Printer Daemon (LPD)
Definition
A printing protocol commonly used by older UNIX operating systems. Most newer operating systems, including UNIX, can connect to shared printers using standard Windows sharing.
Term
Link Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR)
Definition
A name resolution service for IPv6-enabled computers running Windows Vista or Windows Server 2008. "blank" resolves names only on the local subnet.
Term
lmhosts
Definition
A manually configured file sometimes used by the local system to map NetBIOS names to IP addresses.
Term
monitoring port
Definition
A port on a Layer 2 switch that receives all communications even if they are not directed to that port. You can use a monitoring port with Network Monitor to capture communications between other computers.
Term
NetBIOS
Definition
An older set of network services still present in Windows networks today. "blank" includes, amonth other features, a naming system and a name resolution system.
Term
options class
Definition
A category of DHCP clients that enables a DHCP server to assign options only to particular clients within a scope.
Term
P-Mode
Definition
When using Network Monitor, a promiscuous mode that records communications sent between hosts other than the computer running Network Monitor. "blank" is disabled by default.
Term
Preshared Key
Definition
A shared password that is also used to encrypt and decrypt data.
Term
primary DNS suffix
Definition
The main domain name assigned to a computer. The primary DNS suffix is tied to domain membership and enables automatic DNS registration in a zone.
Term
recursion
Definition
For a DNS server, the process of accepting a name query from a client and then querying other servers on behalf of the client.
Term
referral
Definition
A list of servers, provided by an Active Directory domain controller, that can serve a DFS request.
Term
referrals
Definition
Resource records that are provided in a response to DNS clients or servers after a query and that specify another DNS server to contact to resolve the queried-for name.
Term
replication
Definition
The automatic synchronization of data that occurs among domain controllers in an Active Directory domain.
Term
reservation
Definition
An IP address that is configured always to be assigned to a DHCP client by a DHCP server.
Term
resolver
Definition
In general, a service that resolves names for a computer. In Windows, the resolver is the DNS Client service.
Term
root hints
Definition
A file that contains the list of root servers in a DNS namespace. The root servers are queried by default when a DNS server cannot itself answer a query.
Term
routing table
Definition
A list of IP destinations and how a computer can reach each destination.
Term
Security Assocations (SA)
Definition
A set of security standards agreed upon by two computers communication through IPsec.
Term
targets
Definition
Destination shared folders referenced by nodes in a DFS namespace.
Term
Transport mode
Definition
The traditional mode of IPsec that provides end-to-end security between computers on a network.
Term
Tunnel mode
Definition
A mode of IPsec that provides compatibility for some VPN gateways.
Term
upstream server
Definition
The server that provides update files to all downstream servers when you are designing WSUS architectures. Microsoft's own Microsoft Update servers are the final upstream servers.
Term
user class
Definition
A user-defined options class that is populated by DHCP clients sharing a particular class ID set by an administrator.
Term
vendor class
Definition
A options class that is made up of members belonging to a vendor group. "Microsoft Windows 2000 Options" is an example of a vendor class.
Term
Windows Server Update Services (WSUS)
Definition
Software that provides automated support for installing the latest critical updates and security updates to Windows 2000 and later versions of Windows.
Term
WINS server
Definition
A name server used to resolve NetBIOS names on Windows networks.
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