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Sens&Perc Exam 3
EXAM THREE
70
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/18/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
discriminations
Definition
We must balance generalizations with _______ so that everything does not look the same.
Term
edges
Definition
Everything is a group of ______, we have a nervous system that is working overtime to establish these where it can, distorting reality to enhance the form of the object
Term
contrast
Definition
Your brain enhances the _____ along edges by darkening the dark and brightening the bright.
Term
unique
Definition
Cartoons of people are so recognizable to us because they emphasize certain features that are _____ to that person
Term
mach bands
Definition
these are the phenomenon of scalloping that we see when looking at edges
Term
the limulus (horseshoe crab)
Definition
What is the animal that is used to study lateral inhibition?
Term
omatidium
Definition
eye of limulus, made up of many segments each of which is its own cluster of receptors
Term
inhibited
Definition
When omatidium is excited, its neighbors are ______, a process like this leads to perception of mach bands
Term
edge
Definition
critical point of spatial change is an ____
Term
Gestalt psychology
Definition
"The whole is more than the sum of its parts"
Term
closure
Definition
this principle of gestalt psychology is when one tends to ignore the gap and sees the lines as making a whole object
Term
Ganzfeld effect
Definition
featureless visual field (e.g., wandering in forest, cornfield, whiteout, ping pong balls over eyes)
Term
figure, ground
Definition
Red spot against a white background; red spot is _____, white background is ______
Term
figure
Definition
If figure and ground are at different distances, whatever is closer (or on top) will be seen as the ______
Term
proximity
Definition
Grouping principle in which you group things together because they're close
Term
similarity
Definition
Gestalt principle of _____ says that you will group objects that look the same, perceiving them as rows and columns
Term
symmetry
Definition
gestalt principle that you group things together that form a symmetrical whole
Term
Continuation
Definition
Grouping principle stating that it is easier to see two superimposed lines individually rather than perceiving the shape they make together
Term
fourier analysis
Definition
refers to the breaking down of complex figures to describe it in simple sine waves
Term
fourier synthesis
Definition
refers to the building of complex figures from simple sine waves
Term
low, low, low, high
Definition
Using fourier principles, a homogenous white surface would be described in terms of ___ amplitude, ____ frequency sine wave. An edge would produce a sine wave that goes from ____ amp/freq to ____ amp/freq or vice versa.
Term
click
Definition
For a tone, when you flip the switch from off to on you hear a ____ due to the high amp/freq component; to get around this, you must taper the tone
Term
illusions
Definition
_____ are informative because they give us insight into what is not working.
Term
movement
Definition
a change in space/time
Term
time, time
Definition
Vision is good at space, lousy at _____ whereas audition is good at space but REALLY good at _____.
Term
corollary discharge
Definition
When you move your eyes from left to right, objects are held constant due to _________
Term
Corollary discharge, efferent copy
Definition
this is when your brain sends a message to your eyes to shift gaze and a simultaneous message (or _________) is sent to another part of the brain to tell it to disregard the apparent motion.
Term
Because they are in charge of the movements
Definition
Why is the driver of a car/captain of a boat the least likely to get motion sickness?
Term
motion sickness
Definition
results from the absence of feedback from our own movements
Term
CFFF, critical flicker fusion frequency
Definition
Cinema rooms are dark because hte images are dimmer; they are dim because if you had a brighter projected image you would suffer from ______
Term
waterfall illusion
Definition
This is the most prominent motion after effect, if you are jogging and stop to look up it appears as though the sky is being sucked away because your brain has built a model which it cancels out when you stop
Term
high-frequency movements
Definition
micro-saccades; there is always motion of objects on the retina, if it were ceased then everything would phase out
Term
stereopsis
Definition
illusion requiring two eyes that allows you to see in three dimensions, requires binocular disparity to work: a slight difference in the image on each retina
Term
camoflage
Definition
Goal of ______ is to eliminate figure-ground cues
Term
Hermann grid
Definition
most common interpretation of this is that you see the dark spots at the intersections due to lateral inhibition acting on all sides
Term
mach bands
Definition
gradual shading of light into dark reveals extra-dark "dividing line" that is not really there; our brains try to establish an edge
Term
wagon wheel effect
Definition
an artifact of hte timing of rotations vs. the frames, can make it appear to be going backwards
Term
brighter, contrast
Definition
Against a darker background, the figure will appear _____ than it is to emphasize ______.
Term
monocular depth perception
Definition
what you see when you use one eye; you can do most things with one eye
Term
superposition
Definition
monocular cue; one of the oldest, found in Egyptian tomb paintings where one image is placed on another to make it appear closer
Term
texture
Definition
monocular cue in which objects closer have more detail
Term
linear perspective
Definition
monocular cue discovered during Italian Renaissance; e.g., road gets smaller as it gets further away
Term
highlights and shadows
Definition
monocular cue that gives a sense of 3-dimensions by making certain areas lighter and certain ones darker
Term
clarity
Definition
monocular cue, closer image is clear while further images are hazy
Term
simultaneous contrast
Definition
when two colors are placed right next to each other, each making the other look more intense
Term
sequential contrast
Definition
way to achieve supersaturation by flashing an opposing color before the color in question
Term
albedo
Definition
You see contrast regardless of light due to constance of _______, or reflectivity
Term
transactionalism
Definition
the idea that your brain creates shape constancy due to transactions between your brain and the environment
Term
muller-lyre
Definition
one of the most famous illusions, the bottom line appears shorter when in fact they are the same due to an inappropriate application of size constancy
Term
transactionalism
Definition
What theory explains why you always see a door as a rectangle, even though the image displayed on the retina is most often a trapezoid?
Term
parallax
Definition
you can achieve this effect by covering one eye and holding your finger in front of your face and then switching eyes so finger "jumps"
Term
by taking readings from different points of the planet to detect shift in position or at different times of the year
Definition
How can parallax be used to determine hte distance of the nearest stars?
Term
doppler shift
Definition
a shift of wavelengths as the result of the movement of objects; principle can be applied to racecars and things in the distant universe
Term
red, red
Definition
The most distant objects have __ shifts and the larger the ____ shift, the more distant
Term
close, further
Definition
When you fixate on a ____ object you have greater disparity/3d vision than when you fixate on a ______ object
Term
Wilhelm Preyer
Definition
composed two books in the late 1880s dealing with developmental psychology; Special Physiology of the Embryo was most important
Term
pre-reflexive movement
Definition
you cannot get hte embryo to move, it moves on its own, suggesting that there's motor precosity (it is moving before it is perceiving/making a response)
Term
curare
Definition
paralyzes embryo by blocking output of nervous system to muscles (able to do it to an embryo without causing harm)
Term
joint
Definition
When you paralyze the embryo, ____ formation will not occur because movement is required to sculpt the ball and socket
Term
cell
Definition
When embryo is paralyzed, ____ death does not occur because movement is required
Term
placenta
Definition
an outgrowth of the embryo to allow it to interact with the host
Term
pre-formation
Definition
theory states that in the early stages of development, every cell has a specific developmental agenda
Term
epigenesis
Definition
theory that development involves a slow emergence of parts, most embryologists take this position; therefore, cells differentiate over time rather than coming with a pre-determined agenda
Term
Eye-tracking techniques when placing an object in front of the infant, EEG electrodes to track baby's brain activity when different objects or sounds are displayed
Definition
Name some ways you can measure an infant's perception:
Term
visual cliff phenomenon, depth perception
Definition
______: in this phenomenon, extremely young babies that can't move must be manually placed on either side and physiological response measured; babies show preference for shallow side, indicating _________ capabilities
Term
habituation, dishabituation
Definition
______: if you continually repeat visual or auditory stimulus you may show decreased response, _____ occurs when another stimulus interrupts the habituation
Term
looming
Definition
gives the infant the impression that a pendelum is swinging towards them, allows you to determine if hte baby will freak out and when
Term
sensory-motor integration
Definition
process that is used across the life-span; e.g., reaching behaviors, playing darts, warming up with catcher
Term
active feedback
Definition
seeing how you did, important in terms of wearing/adjusting to glasses
Term
passive feedback
Definition
just experience of motion, not seeing feedback
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