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Semester Review Guide
Answer the questions
115
Science
10th Grade
05/28/2013

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Global Warming 

 What is Global Warming?

Definition
The gradual increase in the temperature of the earth's atmosphere, believed to be due to the greenhouse effect.
Term

Carbon Dioxide

Explain how carbon dioxide content changes the greenhouse effect in our atmosphere? 

 

Definition
Carbon dioxide levels affect the atmosphere around the world such as the temperature which in short is a big part of the greenhouse affect.
Term

Green House Effect

 Explain how and why carbon dioxide content changes the greenhouse effect in our atmosphere.

 

Definition
  • Changes in the greenhouse effect, which affects the amount of heat retained by Earth’s atmosphere
  • Variations in  reaching Earth
  • Changes in the reflectivity of Earth’s atmosphere and surface
Term

Green House Gases

 What are green house gases?

Definition
A gas in an atmosphere that
absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range.
Term

Mantle

What is the Mantle?

Definition
The mantle is the layer located directly under the sima. It is the largest layer of the Earth, 1800 miles thick. The mantle is composed of very hot, dense rock. 
Term

Crust

What is the earths crust?

Definition
Thin outermost layer of the earth. Approximately 1% of earths volume also known as lithosphere
Term

Inner and Outer Core

What is the inner and outer core made out of?

Definition
Solid nickle & iron. Even though the outer core is liquid, the inner core is solid because it is compressed by immense pressure.
Term

Asthenosphere

 What is the asthenosphere?

Definition
Portion of the upper layer of the mantle just below the lithosphere.
Term

Lithosphere

What is the Lithosphere?

 

Definition
It is the crust and upper mantle of the earth.
Term

Convection current

How does a convection current occur?

Definition
Hot air/fluid rises while cool air/fluid sinks lower in the atmosphere most commonly found in earths crust with magma.
Term

Alfred Wegner

Who was Alfred Wegner?

Definition

He was a German polar researcher, geophysicist and meteorologist. Today he is most remembered for advancing the theory of continental drift.

Term

Theory of continental drift

Evidence

 

Definition
continents seemed to fit together, not at the continuously changing shoreline, but at the edge to their continental shelves.
Term

Convergent Plate Boundaries

What is a convergent plate boundary made up of?

Definition
It is made up of two or more tectonic plates or fragments  of lithosphere that move towards each other and collide.
Term

Divergent Plate boundaries

What are divergent plate boundaries?

Definition
is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other.
Term

Transform Fault Plate Boundaries

 

Definition
When tectonic plates transform.
Term

Theory of plate tectonics

 

Definition
The lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates. This is a scientific theory that describes the large scale motions of earths lithosphere.
Term

Earthquakes

Where Do Most Earthquakes Occur?

Definition
Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental  plates.
Term

Elastic Rebound Theory

What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?

 

Definition
A scientific theory on how energy is spread during an earthquake.
Term

Earthquake Energy

How much energy does an earthquake have?

 

Definition
Earthquake Energy is measure off of a Richter Scale where 1 is the least strongest and 10 the maximum is the strongest earthquake.
Term

Locating an Earthquake

How do you locate an earhtquake?

Definition
Scientist use S and P waves recorded by a seismograph to find and locate earthquakes and their epicenter.
Term

Primary Waves

When do Primary Waves Occur?

Definition
P-waves are type of elastic wave, also called seismic waves, that can travel through gases as sound waves.
Term

Secondary waves

What are secondary waves?

Definition
one of the two main types of elastic body waves, so named because they move through the body of an object, unlike surface waves. Unlike the P-wave, the S-wave cannot travel through the molten outer core of the Earth, and this causes a shadow zone for S-waves opposite to where they originate.
Term

Surface Waves

What are Surface Waves?

Definition
Seismic waves that travel along the surface of the Earth
Term

Seismograms

What is a seismogram?

Definition
A graph output by a seismograph. It is a record of the ground motion at a measuring station as a function of time. Seismograms typically record motions in three cartesian axes (x, y, and z), with the z axis perpendicular to the Earth's surface and the x- and y- axes parallel to the surface.
Term

Epicenter 

Where is the epicenter located on a earthquake?

Definition
It is the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake.
Term

Focus

What is Focus?

Definition
It is a  central point or region, such as the point at which an earthquake starts.
Term

Mercalli Scale 

What does the Mercalli Scale Measure?

Definition

 

It measures a twelve-point scale for expressing the local intensity of an earthquake.
Term

Richter Scale

What is a Richter scale?

Definition
A scale that was developed to
assign a single number to quantify the energy released during an earthquake. (From 1-10)
Term

Earthquake Hazards

What are some Earthquake Hazards?

Definition
The effect of ground shaking, groundwater liquefaction, ground dispacement, flooding and rupture.
Term

volcanoes

What is a volcanoe?

Definition
A mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are emitted.
Term

Ring Of Fire

Where is the Ring of fire located?

Definition
It is the zone of volcanic activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean.
Term

Composite

What is a composite?

Definition
Something made up of several parts or elements.

 

Term

Shield

Where are shields located?

Definition
They are located in a geographic area where rocks of a continent's craton  are visible at the surface. A shield is often surrounded by platforms covered with sediment.
Term
Cinder cone
Definition
A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical hill of volcanic fragments that accumulate around and downwind
Term

Volcano Hazards

What are some volcano hazards?

Definition
Some are ground shaking, hot lava, melting objects, and objects breaking.
Term

Troposphere

What and where is the troposphere?

Definition
 lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains approximately 80% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of its water vapor and aerosols.
Term

Stratosphere

What is the stratosphere?

 

Definition
The layer of the earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, extending to about 50 km above the earth's surface
Term

Ozone layer 

What is the ozone layer?

Definition
 the layer of the upper atmosphere where mostatmospheric ozone is concentrated from about 8 to 30 miles (12 to48 km) above the earth, with the maximum ozone concentrationoccurring at an altitude of about 12 miles (19 km).
Term

Mesosphere

Where is the mesosphere located?

Definition
 It is directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere.
Term

Thermosphere

What is the thermosphere?

Definition
the region of the upper atmosphere in which temperature increasescontinuously with altitude, encompassing essentially all of theatmosphere above the mesosphere.
Term

Ionosphere

What is the Ionosphere?

Definition
Term
Water cycle
Definition
also known as the hydrologic cycle or the H2O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth
Term
Forms Of Precipitation
Definition
It is rain, condensation, and run off.
Term

Humidity

What is humidity?

Definition
  1. A quantity representing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere or a gas.
Term

Dew Point

How does dew point form?

Definition
The dew point is the temperature below which, water vapor (at a constant pressure) will condense into liquid water.
Term

High Pressure

What causes high pressure?

Definition
High pressure areas are usually caused by air masses being cooled, either from below (for instance, the subtropical high pressure zones that form over relatively cool ocean waters to the west of Califormia, Africa, and South America), or from above as infrared cooling of winter air masses over land exceeds the warming of those airmasses by sunlight. 
Term

Low Pressure

What causes low pressure?

Definition
Low pressure areas form when atmospheric circulations of air up and down remove a small amount of atmosphere from a region.
Term

Isobars

What are isobars?

Definition
  1. A line on a map connecting points having the same atmospheric pressure at a given time or on average over a given period.
Term

Isotherms

What does an isotherm meausre?

Definition
They are lines on weather maps which represent patterns of pressure and temperature, respectively. 
Term

Four Main Air Masses

What are the four main types of air masses?

Definition
Continental Air masses, maritime air masses, tropical air masses, and polar air masses
Term

Warm Front

When does a warm front occur?

Definition
Warm fronts lie within broader troughs of low pressure than cold fronts and move more slowly than the cold fronts which usually follow because cold air is denser and less easy to remove from the Earth's surface.
Term

Cold Front

What is a cold front?

Definition
A cold front is defined as the leading edge of a cooler mass of air, replacing (at ground level) a warmer mass of air
Term

Stationary Front

When does a stationary front occur?

Definition
It is when the air masses have become modified to the extent that they can no longer make any progress in one direction.
Term

Stratus clouds

What are stratus clouds?

Definition
 Large dark uniform grayish clouds that often cover the entire sky.
Term

Cumulus clouds

How do cumulus clouds form?

Definition
They form by  the water that is on the ground and that goes up into the air as evaporation and the more air or water that is in the air the taller the cumulus cloud forms.
Term
Cirrus Clouds
Definition
Thin wispy clouds blown by high winds into long streamers.
Term

Climate

What does Climate measure?

Definition
It measures location and temperature.
Term

Weather

What is weather?

Definition
 State of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy.
Term

3 main climate zones of the world

What are the 3 main climate zones of the world

Definition
They are Tropical, Temperate and Polar.
Term

Biome

What is a biome?

Definition
A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat.
Term

Desert Biome 

What is a desert biome?

Definition
It is a characterized by dry conditions and plants and animals that have adapted to those conditions; found in areas where local or global influences block rainfall.
Term

Forest Biome

What is a forest biome?

Definition
Forest Biomes represent the largest and most ecologically complex systems.  They contain a wide assortment of trees, plants, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates, insects and micro-organisms which vary depending on the zone's climates.
Term

Grassland Biome 

What is a grassland biome?

Definition
Are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses  and other herbaceous  plants . However, sedge  and rush families can also be found.
Term

Tundra Biome

What is a tundra biome?

Definition
A vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen.
Term

Thunderstrom Ingredients 

What are some thunderstorm ingredients?

Definition
They are moisture, insatbility, and lift.
Term

Thunderstorm life stages

What are the thunderstorm life stages?

Definition
Cumulus Stage, Mature Stage, Decaying Stage
Term

Single Cell Thunderstorm

What is a single cell thunderstorm?

Definition
that is usually not very strong; when it is of substantial intensity, it only produces severe weather for short periods of time.
Term

 

Multi Cell Thunderstorm

What is a multi-cell thunderstorm?

Definition
A multicellular thunderstorm is a thunderstorm that is composed of multiple cells, each being at a different stage in the life cycle of a thunderstorm.
Term

Supper Cell Thunderstorm

What is a supper cell thunderstorm?

 

Definition
supercell is a thunderstorm that is characterized by the presence of amesocyclone: a deep, persistently rotating updraft.
Term

squall line

What is a squall line?

Definition
A Squall Line is a line of thunderstorms that can form along or ahead of a cold
front. In the early 20th century, the term was used as a synonym for cold front.
Term

Lightning

How fast is lightening?

Definition
700 mph per second.
Term

Thunder

What is thunder?

Definition
Thunder is the sound caused by lightning. Depending on the nature of the lightning and distance of the listener, thunder can range from a sharp, loud crack to a long, low rumble.
Term

Tornado 

How fast does a tornado move?

Definition
The average tornado travels 30 mph per second.
Term

Fujita Scale

What is the Fujita Scale?

Definition
The Fujita Scale, orFujita-Pearson scale, is a scale for rating tornado intensity, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation.
Term

Tornado Alley

What is a tornado alley?

Definition
 It is a colloquial term for the area of the United States wheretornadoes are most frequent.
Term

Hurricane

What is a hurricane?

Definition
A hurricane is an intense, rotating oceanic weather system that possesses
maximum sustained winds exceeding 119 km/hr (74 mph).
Term

Saffir-Simpson Scale 

What is a saffir-simpson scale?

Definition
Web definitions
The intensity scale used to quantify the strength of tropical cyclones, ranging from Category 1 (maximum sustained 10-minute.
Term

Surface Observation symbol

What is a surface observation symbol?

Definition
A symbol telling the temperature, pressure, and humidity of an are.
Term

Kinetic Energy

What is kinetic Energy?

Definition

It is energy in motion.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Formula for calculating Kinetic Energy

What is the K-Energy formula?

Definition
Kinetic Energy= (1/2)mv2
Term

Potential Energy

 

What is potential energy

Definition
Energy that is stored.
Term

Formula for calculating Potential Energy

What is the formula for P-Energy?

Definition
PE = m x g x h
Term

Chemical Energy

What is chemical energy?

Definition
the part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction)
Term

Mechanical Energy

What is Mechanical Energy?

Definition
Mechanical Energy is a kind of energy created by the physical movement or
rotation, revolution.
Term

Nuclear Energy

What is nuclear energy?

Definition
It is the atomic energy: the energy released by a nuclear reaction.
Term

Electrical Energy

What is Electrical Energy?

Definition
 Electrical Energy is energy newly derived from electrical potential energy. When
loosely used to describe energy absorbed or delivered by an electrical circuit.
Term

Thermal Energy 

What is Thermal Energy

Definition
is the part of the total potential energy and kinetic energy of anobject or sample of matter that results in the system temperature.
Term

Energy Transformation

What is energy transformation?

Definition
The process of changing energy from one form to
another.
Term

Law of Conservation of energy

What is law of conservation of energy?

Definition
It is the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes.
Term

Fossil Fuels

Whate are Fossil Fuels?

Definition
Fossil Fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic
decomposition of buried dead organisms who stored solar energy in chemical
bonds.
Term

Coal, Oil, Natural, Gas

Are coal, oil, and natural gas renewable resources?

Definition
Yes
Term

Alternative Energy

What is alternative energy?

Definition
any energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel.
Term

Solar Energy?

What is solar energy?

Definition
Radiant energy emitted by the sun.
Term

Wind Energy

What is wind energy?

Definition
Wind Power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such
as using wind turbine to make electrical power, windmills for mechanical power.
Term

Geothermal Energy

What is geothermal energy?

Definition
Energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth
Term

Hydroelectric Energy

What is hydroelectric energy?

Definition
power made by moving water.
Term

Biomass Energy 

What is biomass energy?

Definition
Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass.
Term

Tidal Energy

What is Tidal Energy?

Definition
power produced by the surge of ocean waters
during the rise and fall of tides
Term

Renewable Energy

What things are renewable enrgy?

Definition
Oil, fuel, and gases.
Term

Nonrenewable energy

What is nonrenewable energy?

Definition
Resources that cant be made and are not unlimited.
Term

Electrons

What are electrons?

Definition
A stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity.
Term

Static Electricity

What is static electricity?

Definition
an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material.
Term

Static Charge

What is static charge?

Definition
s an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material.
Term

Conductors

What is a conductor?

Definition
an object or type of material which permits the flow of electric charges in one or more directions.
Term

Insulators

What are insulators used for?

Definition
They are materials that can withstand the flow of electricalcurrent. 
Term

Coulomb

What is a coulomb?

Definition
The SI unit of electric charge, equal to the quantity of electricity conveyed in one second by a current of one ampere.
Term

Volt

What is a volt?

Definition
The SI unit of electromotive force, the difference of potential that would carry one ampere of current against one ohm resistance.
Term

Resistance

What is resistance?

Definition
a material's opposition to the flow of electric current; measured in ohms.
Term

Current Electricity

What is current electricity ?

Definition
It is a flow of electric charge.
Term

Ohms Law

What is ohms law?

Definition
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference
Term

Formula for calculating resistance.

What isn the formula for calculating resistance?

Definition
It is current *resistance=volts
Term

Formula for calculating current

What is the formula?

Definition
C=V/R
Term

Formula for calculating voltage?

What is the formula?

Definition
It is current *resistance=volts
Term

Series Circuits

What are series circuits?

Definition
a circuit having its parts connected serially.
Term

Parallel Circuits 

What are parallel circuits?

Definition

It is a closed circuit in which the current divides into two or more paths before recombining to complete the circuit.

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