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Semester 1
vocabulary for modules 1-4
125
Chemistry
10th Grade
10/17/2011

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Cards

Term
Accuracy
Definition
Referring to the closeness of a measurement to the true or accepted value.
Term

Actual Yield 

Definition
The measured amount of product actually collected from a reaction.
Term
Alkali Metals
Definition
The elements of Group 1 of the periodic table (except hydrogen).
Term

Alkaline Earth Metals 

Definition
The elements of Group 2 of the periodic table.
Term

Atom 

Definition
The smallest particle of an element that can exist either alone or in combination with other atoms.
Term

Atomic Mass 

Definition
The relative atomic mass of an atom or subatomic particle, measured in atomic mass units (u).
Term

Atomic Mass Unit (u) 

Definition
A unit of mass, abbreviated u, that is exactly 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. 1 u equals 1.66 x 10-24 grams.
Term
Atomic Number 
Definition
The number of protons in the nucleus of one atom of an element.
Term

Atomic Radius 

Definition
One-half the diameter of an atom, measured by taking half of the distance between the centers of two atoms of the same element that are bonded together.
Term
Aufbau Principle
Definition
An electron occupies the lowest energy orbital, closest to the nucleus, that can receive it.
Term
Avogadro's Number
Definition
6.022 x 1023, the number of particles in exactly one mole of a pure substance.
Term

Binary Compound 

Definition
A compound composed of two different elements.
Term
Calibrate
Definition
To make fine adjustments or divide into marked intervals for optimal measuring.
Term
Celsius
Definition
A metric unit of temperature that has water freezing at 0 degrees and boiling at 100 degrees.
Term
Chemical Change 
Definition
A change in which the atoms of one or more substances are rearranged to form one or more new substances.
Term
Chemical Energy
Definition
Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.
Term
Chemical Property
Definition
A property that describes a substance's potential to undergo a reaction or chemical change because of its composition or bonding.
Term
Chemistry
Definition
The study of the composition and structure of materials and the changes they undergo.
Term

Control Variables 

Definition
The variables within an experiment that a scientist chooses to keep constant, or not to change, so that they will not affect the observations and data collected.
Term

Covalent Bond 

Definition
A chemical bond in which electrons are shared between two atoms.
Term

Covalent Compound 

Definition
A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds to form a neutral compound.
Term

Decomposition Reaction 

Definition
A reaction in which a single compound reacts to form more than one product.
Term

Delocalized 

Definition
Not localized, or restrained, to a single atom or covalent bond within a molecule.
Term

Density 

Definition
A materials mass divided by its volume, or its mass per unit volume.
Term

Dependent Variable 

Definition
The one variable that will be observed or measured as a result of an experiment, to see how it was affected by the changes to the independent variable.
Term

Dimensional Analysis 

Definition
A problem-solving method used in physics, chemistry, engineering, and mathematics that is based on treating units in calculations as algebraic factors or fractions.
Term

Double Replacement Reaction 

Definition
A type of reaction in which the ions of two compounds exchange places in an aqueous solution to form two new compounds.
Term

Effective Nuclear Charge 

Definition
The charge (from the nucleus) felt by the valence electrons after you have taken into account the number of shielding electrons that surround the nucleus.
Term

Electrical Energy 

Definition
The movement of electrical charge.
Term

Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) 

Definition
Waves emitted by the vibration of electrical charges (often electrons) and composed of vibrating electric and magnetic fields that regenerate one another. The range of electromagnetic waves extends from radio waves to gamma rays, and is called the electromagnetic spectrum.
Term
Electron
Definition
A negatively charged subatomic particle found in the area surrounding the nucleus of an atom.
Term

Electron Affinity 

Definition
The energy involved when a neutral atom gains an electron.
Term
Electronegativity
Definition
A measure of the attraction of an atom for the electrons in a chemical bond.
Term
Element
Definition
Any material made of only one type of atom. All known elements are listed on the periodic table.
Term

Empirical Formula


Definition
The formula of a compound in which the subscripts represent the lowest whole-number-ratio of the atoms.
Term

Energy Level 

Definition
Areas of the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus, sometimes called shells, with increasing potential energy as they get farther from the nucleus.
Term

English System 

Definition
A system of weights and measures based on the foot and pound and second and pint.
Term

Excess Reactant 

Definition
The reactant that is not used up completely in a chemical reaction.
Term

Exothermic Process 

Definition
A chemical or physical change that releases energy to the surroundings.
Term

Fahrenheit 

Definition
An English System unit of temperature that has water freezing at 32 degrees and boiling as 212 degrees.
Term

Formula Unit 

Definition
The formula of an ionic compound that represents the simplest whole number ratio of ions in the compound, not the actual number of each ion present in the crystal.
Term
Frequency
Definition
The number of waves passing by a fixed point in a given amount of time. Frequency is often measured in waves per second.
Term

Graduation 

Definition
A line that marks a measurement: such as on a ruler or graduated cylinder.
Term

Gram 

Definition
A metric base unit of mass.
Term

Gravitational Energy 

Definition
The potential energy of position.
Term

Group 

Definition
The vertical columns of elements on the periodic table, also called families, numbered 1 to 18 from left to right.
Term

Halogens 

Definition
The elements of Group 17 of the periodic table.
Term

Heat 

Definition
The transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another due to the temperature difference between the two substances.
Term

Hund's Rule 

Definition
Orbitals within the same sublevel, with equal energy, are each occupied by one electron before any orbital in that sublevel is occupied by a second electron.
Term

Hydrate 

Definition
A crystallized solid compound that contains water molecules within its structure.
Term

Independent Variable 

Definition
The one variable that a scientist has chosen to change within an experiment in order to test a hypothesis.
Term

International System of Units 

Definition
A system of measurement standards agreed upon by the global scientific community.
Term
Ion
Definition
An atom that has a positive or negative charge due to a loss or gain of electrons.
Term

Ionic Bond 

Definition
A chemical bond that results from electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions.
Term

Ionic Compound 

Definition
A compound composed of positive and negative ions that are combined in a ratio where the positive and negative charges cancel out.
Term

Ionic Radius 

Definition
One-half the diameter of an ion.
Term
Ionization Energy
Definition
The energy required to remove one electron from an element, resulting in a positive ion.
Term

Isolated System 

Definition
A system in which neither energy nor matter is exchanged between the system and the surroundings.
Term

Isotopes 

Definition
Atoms of the same element that have different masses due to their varying numbers of neutrons.
Term

Kinetic Energy 

Definition
The energy of an object in motion.
Term

Law 

Definition
A generalization that describes a variety of behaviors in nature, but does not attempt to explain.
Term

Law of Conservation of Mass 

Definition
Matter is neither created nor destroyed during an ordinary physical change or chemical reaction.
Term

Law of Multiple Proportions 

Definition
A basic law of chemistry that describes how atoms combine to form compounds in simple, whole number ratios.
Term
Length
Definition
A measure used as a unit to estimate distances.
Term

Limiting Reactant 

Definition
The reactant that controls the amount of product able to be produced by a chemical reaction because it is used up completely.
Term

Line Spectrum 

Definition
A spectrum showing only certain wavelengths.
Term

Liter 

Definition
A metric base unit of volume.
Term

Magnetic Quantum Number 

Definition
Symbolized by ml, indicates the orientation of an orbital within a sublevel.
Term

Mass 

Definition
A measure of the amount of matter in a substance.
Term

Mass Number 

Definition
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of a given atom.
Term

Matter 

Definition
Anything that has mass and volume.
Term
Measurement 
Definition
The dimensions, quantity, or capacity of a substance as determined by comparison with a standard.
Term

Mechanical Energy 

Definition
The movement of objects from one place to another. Meter: The SI standard, or base, unit for length.
Term

Metalloids 

Definition
An element that has some properties characteristic of metals and others characteristic of nonmetals, and is a semiconductor.
Term
Metals
Definition
An element that is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
Term

Meter 

Definition
The SI standard, or base, unit for length.
Term

Metric System 

Definition
A system of measuring units based on the power of ten.
Term

Molar Mass 

Definition
The mass of one mole of a pure element or compound, given in the unit g/mol.
Term
Mole 
Definition
The mole is the SI unit for the amount of a substance. It is equal to Avogadro's number, 6.02 x 1023, and was determined using the element carbon as its standard.
Term
Molecule
Definition
Another name for a chemical compound.
Term

Neutron 

Definition
An electrically neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
Term

Noble Gases 

Definition
The elements of Group 18 of the periodic table.
Term
Nonmetals
Definition
An element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, usually found toward the right side of the periodic table.
Term

Non-polar Covalent Bond 

Definition
A covalent bond in which the atoms have an equal attraction for the shared electrons.
Term

Orbital 

Definition
A three dimensional region around the nucleus in which two particular electrons can be located.
Term

Pauli Exclusion Principle 

Definition
No two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.
Term

Percent Yield 

Definition
The ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield, multiplied by 100 to make it a percentage.
Term

Period 

Definition
The horizontal rows of elements on the periodic table, numbered one to seven from the top down.
Term

Physical Change 

Definition
A change in which one or more physical properties of a substance change without changing the chemical identity of the substance.
Term

Physical Property 

Definition
A property that can be observed or measured without changing the chemical identity of the substance.
Term

Polar Covalent Bond 

Definition
A covalent bond where the atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electrons.
Term

Polyatomic Ion 

Definition
A charged group of covalently bonded atoms.
Term

Potential Energy 

Definition
The energy that an object has because of its position or composition.
Term

Precision 

Definition
Referring to the agreement among a set of measurements made of the same quantity in the same way.
Term

Principal Quantum Number 

Definition
Symbolized by n, indicates the main energy levels surrounding a nucleus.
Term
Products
Definition
The new substances that are formed or produced by a chemical reaction.
Term

Proton 

Definition
A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
Term

Pseudoscience 

Definition
A practice or a belief that claims to be science, but does not follow the scientific method or is not testable.
Term

Radiant Energy 

Definition
Electromagnetic energy that travels in waves.
Term
Reactants
Definition
The substances that are present at the beginning and undergo a chemical reaction.
Term

Resonance 

Definition
The bonding in molecules that cannot be represented by one single Lewis structure because the electrons are delocalized.
Term
Science
Definition
A body of knowledge and a process of gaining and validating that knowledge.
Term

Scientific Method 

Definition
A logical approach to the solution of problems that lend themselves to investigation by observing, generalizing, theorizing, and testing.
Term

Scientific Notation 

Definition
Numbers written in the form M x 10n where M is a number greater than one and less than 10 and n is an integer.
Term

Significant Figures 

Definition
All digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus one final digit that is estimated and uncertain.
Term

Single Replacement Reaction 

Definition
A type of reaction in which one element replaces a similar element within a compound.
Term

SI Units 

Definition
International System of Units, the system of measurements agreed on by the global scientific community.
Term

Sound 

Definition
The movement of energy through substances in longitudinal waves.
Term

Spin Quantum Number 

Definition
Symbolized by ms, indicates the direction of an electron's spin within an orbital.
Term

Stoichiometry 

Definition
The use of dimensional analysis to calculate relationships between the amounts of reactants and products in chemical reactions.
Term

Stored Mechanical Energy 

Definition
Energy that is stored in objects by the application of force.
Term

Subatomic Particles 

Definition
Any particles of matter smaller than an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Term

Sublevel 

Definition
An area (s, p, d, f, etc.) within an energy level made up of a group of orbitals.
Term

Synthesis Reaction 

Definition
A reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form one product.
Term
Temperature
Definition
A measure of the average kinetic energy, caused by the vibration and movement of atoms and molecules, of a substance.
Term

Theoretical Yield 

Definition
The maximum amount of product that can be produced by a given amount of reactant(s).
Term

Theory 

Definition
A set of ideas that attempts to explain why things happen the way they do in the natural world.
Term

Thermal Energy 

Definition
The internal energy in a substance caused by vibration of atoms and molecules.
Term

Transition Metals 

Definition
The elements found between groups two and thirteen of the periodic table, starting in period four.
Term

Valence Electrons 

Definition
The electrons in the s and p sublevels of the highest occupied energy level in an atom.
Term
Variable
Definition
A factor or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types and can be changed or controlled within an experiment.
Term

Volume 

Definition
The amount of space occupied by an object.
Term

Wavelength 

Definition
The distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves. This distance is consistent throughout the entire sequence within a wave.
Term

Weight 

Definition
A measure of the earth's gravitational attraction for matter.
Term

Weighted Average 

Definition
A weighted average accounts for the percent abundance and mass of each isotope in an element by taking the sum of each mass multiplied by its percent abundance.
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