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second half of test 2
second half of test cardio
118
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 1
02/15/2012

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Term
we say normally you have a heart beat around
Definition
90 to 100 beats per min.
Term
if you have a heart rate that os less than 60 then you have what we call ?
Definition
bradycardia
Term
if we have a heart beat that is greater than 100 some people refer this as
Definition
tachycardia
Term
heart rate * stroke volume=
Definition
cardiac output
Term
Represent the activation of the cardiac cycle from where else other than the sa node
Definition
premature beats * Beats occurs normally in the SA node.
Term
the beat should have occured yet. the most common. Pt can get this from drinking to much coffee or soda
Definition
premature activation sa node** there not normally a big deal
Term
when premature beats become more frequent. Ventricular rate greater than 120. This happens when your eyelid flutters
Definition
ventricular tachycradia greater than 120 beats per a minute
Term
not filling just shaking. when we shock the heart we are completley shutting down the coduction system ( defibriliation) it starts again because the heart tissue is unique. You can have brain dead and have a heart beat
Definition
ventricular fibrillation
Term
muscle quivering is also called
Definition
fibrilliation
Term
happens occasionally. atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation true or false
Definition
true
Term
P-R interval represents
Definition
delay for ventricles to fill before they contrast
Term
a 300 atrial rate wont kill you in the next 3 mintues but a 300 ventricles rate will because you dont have any profession true or false
Definition
true
Term
this means blockage of the conduction systems. Most likely to be complication of a posterior mi rather than an anterior mi
Definition
heart block
Term
this happens is current from the sa node down to the av node delayed because of the width of the fibers out of the av node to the bundles and up into the ventricels
Definition
heart block
Term
all the conduction activity is getting throguh the av juntion but slower p-r interval is longer
Definition
1st degree
Term
some impulses are getting through av node p-r interval is even longer than 1st degree
Definition
2nd degree blockage
Term
none of the impulses from the atria are getting through the AV node atrial rate and ventricular rate arent synchinized at all
Definition
3rd degree
Term
On an EKG when you see RABbit ears this means
Definition
when ventricles arent synchronized2 sets of QRS ventricles depolarizing separately
Term
heart valves only let blood flow in what direction
Definition
one
Term
what causes heart valves to close
Definition
pressure changes and they are very sensitive to pressure changes
Term
disease valves can create two types of problems
Definition
1) regurgitation
2)stenosis
Term
backwash/ back flow. up the chamber and then back down
Definition
regurgitation
Term
stiff the vlave is stiff hard to close. it is not going to close soon enough and it will impede blood flow
Definition
stenosis
Term
40% pf mitral valve reguritation is due to
Definition
rheumtic heart disease
Term
the protein misread in strep is on the
Definition
mitral valve
Term
permit a back flow of blood front left ventricle into left atrium as a result of incompete value closure can be chronic or acute
Definition
bicuspid insufficency
Term
very poorly tolerated because most stuff that we do to the atria acutely is poorly tolerated there isnt alot of muscle in the atria so atria will get bigger but since not alot of muscle it will get thin which contributes to a hole
Definition
acute
Term
affects about 1% of the population
Definition
mitral valve prolapse
Term
when the chorade tendanse are too long which means they are to long to cause enough tension to close at a percise area
Definition
mitral valve prolapse
Term
about 25% of people wth mitral valve prolapse have anxiety disorders true or false
Definition
true
Term
when valve get sloppy what is one way we want to keep profusion going?
Definition
give patients a shot of adrenaline
Term
aortic vlave in this case that valve is stiff
Definition
we going to obstruct blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta during systole.
Term
in order to get ride of the extra blood the blood vessels have to
Definition
get bigger= hypertrophy

when the ventricle contracts the contraction time is prolonged
pt's will do ok until there is greater than 50% orifice reduction
when you can only get the valve open 40%. on the ekg the qrs will be wider and more pronounced during ventricular hypertrophy because there is more muscle there
Term
more excessive. too mushc blood coming back into ventricle so ventricle gets bigger to compensate
Definition
aortic regurgitation
Term
two areas of aortic regurgitation
Definition
refleux aorta into left ventricle
left venticle ventricle hypertrophies
Term
45% of people with this comes from rheumatic heart disease
Definition
left ventricle Ventricle hypertrophies
Term
stenosis is the most like problem with this valve
Definition
tricuspid valve
Term
this valve resricts blood flow from the right atrium into right ventricle
Definition
triscupid valve
Term
when you have a wider an teller p wave on the ekg this equals
Definition
atrial depolarization
Term
when there is a preload. increases with decreased contractility or when there os am excess of plasma volume
Definition
this is known as a preload
Term
increases in this can improve cardiac output to certain point, but as a preload continues to rise, it causes stretching of the myocardium that eventually can lead to dysfunction of the sacromers and decreased contractility
Definition
mechanical dysfunction , LVEDV
Term
increased after this load is most commonly as a result of increased peripheral vascular resistance such as that seen with hyertension. Although much less common it can also be the result of aortic valvular disease
Definition
after load
Term
with increased pvr, there is reistance to ventricular emptying and more workload for the left ventricle which responds with hypertrophy of the myocardium
Definition
after load
Term
compensatory response involves three things
Definition
increase adrenorgic
increase preload
increase hypertrophy
Term
symptoms of heart failure
Definition
dyspnea, cough, rales, liver,edema, fever
Term
difficulty in breathing as aresult in heart failure
Definition
dysnpnea
Term
non productive cough
Definition
cough
Term
cracking or rattling sound in breathig associated with congestion in the lungs. reflex congesion in lungs
Definition
rales
Term
not profusing
Definition
liver
Term
not profusing and fluids leaking out into interstial spaces
Definition
edema
Term
low grade 100 or 101
Definition
fever
Term
profusion of tissue because bp is very low
Definition
decrease profusion from cardiac shock
Term
cardiac output times total peripheral resistance is
Definition
mean aterial pressure
Term
cant get blood back to lungs to blow off enough co2
Definition
acidosis
Term
when k goes up this contributes to
Definition
myocardial dysfunction
Term
what is the criteria for cardiogenic shock>
Definition
systolic pressure of less than 90
decrease blood flow to everything
urine less 20 ml/hr
vasocongestion
decrease mental function
cardiac index less 2.1 l/ min
left side heart
Term
depending on how much muscle damage and where you are when this happens this mean mortality is high in cardiogenic shock true or false
Definition
true
Term
caused by something had has intitated atrophy in the middle layer the thickest layer of the artery leaving the two thinner layers the classis place for this to happen is aorta.
Definition
Arterial aneurysm
Term
There are two presentations of arterial aneurysms
Definition
fusiform- both sides of the vessel wall are affected
saccular- just one side of the vessel wall is affected
Term
what is the most common blood vessel disease
Definition
abdomonial aortic aneurysm-
Term
no symtoms until it ruptures. there is a whole in the aorta.
Definition
abdominal aortic aneurysm
Term
veins are more than walled arteries. they have three tunic to them unless very small and then they are only made up of one layer.
Definition
venous disease
Term
you have more of your total blood volume in veins. 70%. true or false
Definition
true
Term
you have more total volume of blood in veins opposed to arteries true or false
Definition
true
Term
relationship between thrombus ( a proces of blood clotting) and embolus( any substance that obstructs a blood vessel: fat blood air) q
Definition
thromboembolic
Term
3 things occuring stimutaneously
Definition
stais blood flow
endothelial
hypercoagulation
Term
we are concerned with bc pill in some people it seems to accelerate ability to clot. cause endothelial injury, and it may or may not slow down blood flow. smoking may worsen this
Definition
venous disease
Term
morphans disease is contributed to this
Definition
venous disease ( genetic) tall lanky eye problems, incidence of aortic aneurysms
Term
can be super ficial but it can invole some of the deeper veins. typically tou see this in the veins of the upper and lower extremeities the most common reasons in arms is patients who were given extremly acidic or hypertonic iv soultion in legs it is sometimes trauma to the legs but more common is you have varicose veins
Definition
superficial thrombophlebitis
Term
bigger deal. mostly lower extememities and mostly in veins around cal. popalutieal vein, ilofemoral, superficial femoral are the top three. not really symptomatic. what patiens will tell you is that their legs ache, slow, put in hosital... put in antocoagulants.
Definition
deep vein
Term
develop acutely clot in deep vein in the leg and when a person gets up to walk around it moves to the pulmonry systems
Definition
pulomary embolism
Term
this is more common in females. You get them when your on your feet. dilation and elongation of the superficial veins. infection is to worry about this you can get rid of them from laser therapy but they can return.
Definition
varicose veins
Term
increase in resistance to air flow. moving air in the lungs worsens with time affects more males than females
Definition
COPD
Term
not always considered with copd has to get worse over time. shortness of breath gasping of air. Airways have narrowed. There are side affects that cause then spasm, muscosal edema, increase in mucus. Found in children*
Definition
asthma
Term
etiologically 3 reasins astha is divided into three categories
Definition

allergic

idiopathic

mixed

Term
asthma is mainly seen in children true or false
Definition
true. allergies are caused by an antigen which is causing spasm in the bronchi, its allergic reaction
Term
mostly in adults not a good sign could be a precursor to emphysems
Definition
idopathic
Term
hypertrophy of an increase in goblet cells which produces mucous on the bronchi this is called?
Definition
bronchitis
Term
mainly correlated with air pollution. chronic bronchitis is an indication for
Definition
emphysema
Term
what two respiratory diseases go hand in hand
Definition
bronchitis and emphysema
Term
most common repspiratory disease
Definition
emphysema
Term
chronically high co2 levels, increase in acid levels, blow up and distored alveoli. muscles get bigger and barrel chest.  what disease
Definition
emphysema
Term
2 types of empysema are
Definition
centrilobular, panlobular
Term
selevtively effects the repisratory bronhcioles, jsut invoves 1st alevol that we find
Definition
centrilobular
Term
pan everything all the alveoli what typeof emphysema
Definition
pan lobular
Term
found mostly in children t is characterized by a chronic inflammation dilation of bronchi and bronchioles its started after they had upper respiratory flu or virus.
Definition
bronchiectasis
Term
constant cough producing protruding sputum. 200 ml/ day foul ill smell seriosu damage done to bronchi and maybe eve nthe right side of the heart
Definition
bronchiectasis
Term
genetic most common fatal disease in white children. Found primarily in whites. ressive. gene effects exocrine glands. have incredible excretios.. cough up stuff look normal at birth happens in 1- 2000 deaths
Definition
cystic fibrosis
Term
pancrease ,liver, bronchioles exceedingly viscocitiy thick secretions sweat gland arent really think but excess amounts of salt. what disease
Definition
cystic fibrosis
Term
lungs tissue was find just couldnt breath what diseaes
Definition
ALS, polio, myestin gravis
Term
lung tissue children are born with caged chest. most children die at birth. there sternum is fused with thoracis spine. also called pectus excavatum what disease
Definition
thoracic cage disorder
Term
serious of short stories by charles diken about a little boy who is overweight sleeps all the time. cant exhlae due to fat so you retain co2 and it makes you feel sleepy. these people have to sleep sitting up what disease
Definition
pickwikian
Term
breath normal, stop breathing until co2 goes up so high that they gasp and wake themselves up what disease
Definition
sleep apnea
Term
this is more commen in males more common in people who snore. more common in people overweight what am i referring to
Definition
sleep apnea the cure they can use is cpap at night
Term
when pleural fluid becomes inflammed and irritated we call this
Definition
pleurisy
Term
collected in pleural cavities
Definition
pleural effusion
Term
collected blood in pleural spaces
Definition
hemothrax
Term
collectd air in pleual spaces develop without injury, most likely to happen in teenage males who are tall
Definition
phenmontherax
Term
if we put fluid ( air , blood) in between the lungs and tissue we create
Definition
pressure
Term
you have an ezyme called this in alveoli that keeps your lungs from being collaspible.
Definition
surfactant
Term
a small hole in the aorta allowing blood to slowly seep out is what type of aneurisym
Definition
dissecting
Term
superficial thrompphelbitis involves the subcutaneous vessels of the upper and lower extremeties true or false
Definition
true
Term
name the three veins most affected by venous thrombosis
Definition
superficial, illiac, papiliteal
Term
hemmorids are actially varicose veins ? true or false
Definition
true
Term
an anatomic alteration of the lung is called
Definition
emphysema
Term
trauma the most common cause of hemothrax
Definition
true
Term
the presence of air in the pleural cavitiy is known as
Definition
pneumothorax
Term
a pneumonia chracterized by interstial inflammation free of exudate and pus is
Definition
viral
Term
a p wave represents
Definition
atria depolarization
Term
st segment falls below the baseline
Definition
ischemia
Term
ischemic death of the myocardium is referred to as
Definition
myocardial infarction
Term
atherosciertotic lesions are mostly likely to occur in
Definition
curves of the branches of the arteries
Term
valve leaflets faling to close securely permitting back flow is called
Definition
regurgitation
Term
permits retrograde blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium as a rresult of incomplete valve closure is called
Definition
mitral valve reguritatio
Term
most common stenosis
Definition
tricuspid valve
Term
when the valve orfice becomes restricted impeding forward blood flow this is called
Definition
stenosis
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