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SEC110_CH11
Basic Cryptography
44
Computer Networking
Undergraduate 3
09/05/2013

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Term
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Definition
A symmetric cipher that was approved by the NIST in late 2000 as a replacement for DES.
Term
algorithm
Definition
Procedures based on a mathematical formula; used to encrypt data.
Term
asymmetric cryptographic algorithm
Definition
Encryption that uses two mathematically related keys.
Term
block cipher
Definition
A cipher that manipulates an entire block of plaintext at one time.
Term
Blowfish
Definition
A block cipher that operates on 64-bit blocks and can have a key length from 32 to 448 bits.
Term
ciphertext
Definition
Data that has been encrypted.
Term
cleartext
Definition
Unencrypted data.
Term
cryptography
Definition
The science of transforming information into a secure form while it is being transmitted or stored so that unauthorized persons cannot access it.
Term
Data Encryption Standard (DES)
Definition
A symmetric block cipher that uses a 56-bit key and encrypts data in 64-bit blocks.
Term
decryption
Definition
The process of changing ciphertext into plaintext.
Term
digital signature
Definition
An electronic verification of the sender.
Term
elliptic curve cryptography (ECC)
Definition
An algorithm that uses elliptic curves instead of prime numbers to compute keys.
Term
encryption
Definition
The process of changing plaintext into ciphertext.
Term
GNU Privacy Guard (GPG)
Definition
Free and open-source software that is commonly used to encrypt and decrypt e-mail messages.
Term
Hardware Security Module (HSM)
Definition
A secure cryptographic processor.
Term
hash
Definition
The unique digital fingerprint created by a hashing algorithm.
Term
Hashed Message
Definition
Authentication Code (HMAC) A variation of a hash that encrypts the hash with a shared secret key before transmitting it.
Term
hashing
Definition
The process for creating a unique digital fingerprint signature for a set of data.
Term
key
Definition
A mathematical value entered into the algorithm to produce ciphertext.
Term
Message Digest (MD)
Definition
A common hash algorithm of several different versions.
Term
Message Digest 5 (MD5)
Definition
A revision of MD4 that is designed to address its weaknesses.
Term
nonrepudiation
Definition
The process of proving that a user performed an action.
Term
NTLM (New Technology LAN Manager) hash
Definition
A password hash for Microsoft Windows systems that is no longer recommended for use.
Term
NTLMv2 (New Technology LAN Manager Version 2) hash
Definition
An updated version of NTLM that uses HMAC with MD5.
Term
one-time pad (OTP)
Definition
Using a unique truly random key to create ciphertext.
Term
plaintext
Definition
Data input into an encryption algorithm.
Term
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
Definition
A commercial product that is commonly used to encrypt e-mail messages.
Term
private key
Definition
An asymmetric encryption key that does have to be protected.
Term
private key cryptography
Definition
Cryptographic algorithms that use a single key to encrypt and decrypt a message.
Term
public key
Definition
An asymmetric encryption key that does not have to be protected.
Term
public key cryptography
Definition
Encryption that uses two mathematically related keys.
Term
quantum cryptography
Definition
An asymmetric cryptography that attempts to use the unusual and unique behavior of microscopic objects to enable users to securely develop and share keys.
Term
RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation Message Digest (RIPEMD)
Definition
A hash algorithm that uses two different and independent parallel chains of computation and then combines the result at the end of the process.
Term
RC4
Definition
An RC stream cipher that will accept keys up to 128 bits in length.
Term
Rivest Cipher (RC)
Definition
A family of cipher algorithms designed by Ron Rivest.
Term
RSA
Definition
An asymmetric algorithm published in 1977 and patented by MIT in 1983.
Term
Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)
Definition
A secure hash algorithm that creates hash values of longer lengths than Message Digest (MD) algorithms.
Term
steganography
Definition
Hiding the existence of data within a text, audio, image, or video file.
Term
stream cipher
Definition
An algorithm that takes one character and replaces it with one character.
Term
symmetric cryptographic algorithm
Definition
Encryption that uses a single key to encrypt and decrypt a message.
Term
Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES)
Definition
A symmetric cipher that was designed to replace DES.
Term
Trusted Platform Module (TPM)
Definition
A chip on the motherboard of the computer that provides cryptographic services.
Term
Twofish
Definition
A later derivation of the Blowfish algorithm that is considered to be strong.
Term
whole disk encryption
Definition
Cryptography that can be applied to entire disks.
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