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Science of Psychology: Ch 7
Chapter Seven Review
66
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/13/2013

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Term
Mnemonists
Definition
People who have astonishing memory abilities
Term
Memory
Definition
The retention of information or experiences over time as the result of three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Term
Encoding
Definition
The first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage.
Term
Selective Attention
Definition
Process that involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others.
Term
Divided Attention
Definition
Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.
Term
Sustained Attention
Definition
Also called vigilance, the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
Term
Levels of Processing
Definition
A continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory.
Term
Elaboration
Definition
The formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding.
Term
Self-reference
Definition
Relating material to your own experience
Term
Dual-code Hypothesis
Definition
A hypotheses that claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures are stored as both image codes and verbal codes.
Term
Storage
Definition
The retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory.
Term
Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory
Definition
Theory stating that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
Time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds
Term
Short-term Memory
Definition
Time frames up to 30 seconds
Term
Long-term Memory
Definition
Time frames up to a lifetime
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
Memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.
Term
Echoic Memory (echo)
Definition
Refers to auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds.
Term
Iconic Memory (icon)
Definition
Refers to visual sensory memory, which is retained only for about 1/4 of a second.
Term
Short-term Memory
Definition
Limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless we use strategies to retain it longer. Usually the limit of this type of memory is 7 +/- 2 items.
Term
Memory Span
Definition
The number of digits an individual can report back in order after a single presentation of them. The limit is usually 7 +/- 2 items.
Term
Chunking
Definition
A process for memorization that involves grouping or packing information that exceeds the 7 +/- 2 memory span into higher-order units that can be remembered as a single unit.
Term
Rehearsal
Definition
The conscious repetition of information.
Term
Working Memory (Alan Baddeley)
Definition
A three-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as a we perform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to help us understand, make decisions, and solve problems.
Term
Phonological Loop (Alan Baddeley)
Definition
Specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language. Contains two separate components: acoustic code and rehearsal
Term
Visuospatial Working Memory
Definition
Stores visual and spatial information, including visual imagery. The capacity of the visuospatial working memory is limited.
Term
Central Executive
Definition
Integrates information no only from the phonological loop and visuospatial working memory, but also from the long-term memory.
Term
Long-term Memory
Definition
A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time. Made up of explicit (declaritive) memory and implicit (non-declarative) memory.
Term
Explicit (declarative) Memory
Definition
The conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated. (hippocampus, temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex, and other areas in the limbic system)
Term
Permastore Memory
Definition
Memory that represents that portion of original learning that appears destined to be with the person virtually forever, even without rehearsal.
Term
Episodic Memory
Definition
The retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings-that is how individuals remember life's episodes.
Term
Semantic Memory
Definition
A person's knowledge about the world, including his or her areas of expertise; general knowledge, such as of things learned in school; and everyday knowledge.
Term
Implicit (nondeclarative) Memory
Definition
Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience. (cerebellum)
Term
Procedural Memory
Definition
Memory for skills.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
The automatic learning of associations between stimuli so that one comes to evoke the same response as the other.
Term
Priming
Definition
The activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.
Term
Schema
Definition
A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information.
Term
Script
Definition
A schema fro an event, often containing information about physical features, people, and typical occurrences.
Term
Connectionism
Definition
Also called parallel distributed processing (PDP), the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.
Term
Long-term Potentiation
Definition
A concept that states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them-and thus the memory-may be strengthened.
Term
Proust Effect
Definition
The ability of a smell to transport us into vivid memory.
Term
Retrieval
Definition
The memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage.
Term
Serial Position Effect
Definition
The tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.
Term
Primacy Effect
Definition
Better recall for items in the beginning of a list
Term
Recency Effect
Definition
Better recall for items at the end of the list
Term
Recall
Definition
A memory task in which the individual has to retrieve previously learned information
Term
Recognition
Definition
A memory task in which the individual only has to identify learned items (multiple-choice test).
Term
Encoding Specificity Principle
Definition
Principle which states that information present at the time of encoding or learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue.
Term
Context-dependent Memory
Definition
A process by which people remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same context in which they learned it
Term
Autobiographical Memory
Definition
A special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.
Term
Reminiscence Bump
Definition
The effect that adults remember more events from the second and third decades of life than from the other decades
Term
Autobiographical Memory Hierarchical Structure
Definition
[image]
Term
Flashbulb Memory
Definition
The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.
Term
Repression
Definition
A defense mechanism by which a person is so traumatized by an event that he or she forgets it and then forgets the act of forgetting.
Term
Motivated Forgetting
Definition
Forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable.
Term
Encoding Failure
Definition
A problem that occurs when the information was never entered into long-term memory.
Term
Interference Theory
Definition
The theory that people forget not because the memories are lost from storage, but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.
Term
Proactive Interference
Definition
Situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later.
Term
Retroactive Interference
Definition
Situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier.
Term
Decay Theory
Definition
Theory stating that when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting.
Term
Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon
Definition
A type of effortful retrieval that occurs when we are confident that we know something but cannot quite pull it out of memory.
Term
Retrospective Memory
Definition
Remembering information from the past
Term
Prospective Memory
Definition
Remembering information about doing something in the future; including memory for intentions (includes both timing and content-what and when).
Term
Amnesia
Definition
The loss of memory
Term
Anterograde Amnesia
Definition
A memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events.
Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
Memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events.
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
One of the brain structures associated with the process of passing information from STM to LTM
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