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SAR 2113
N/A
126
Music
Undergraduate 4
02/27/2012

Additional Music Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
1st Viennese School
Definition
title given to the three prominent composers of the Classical era: Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven
Term
Aerophones
Definition
instruments such as a flute, whistle, or horn that produce sound by using air as the primary vibrating means
Term
Antiphonal
Definition
performance style in which an ensemble is divided into two or more groups, performing in alternation and then together
Term
Aria
Definition
Lyric song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment, generally expressing intense emotion; found in opera, cantata, and oratorio
Term
Ars antiqua
Definition
Polyphonic musical style, usually French, from the period 1160-1320
Term
Ars Nova
Definition
14th century French polyphonic musical style whose themes moved increasingly from religious to secular
Term
Band
Definition
applied to various ensembles, most of which refer to percussions and winds at their core. (concert, jazz, rock, marching, military)
Term
Basso Continuo
Definition
Italian for “continuous bass”; also refers to performance group with a bass, chordal instrument, and one bass melody instrument
Term
Beat
Definition
regular pulsation; a basic unit of length in musical time
Term
Cadence
Definition
resting place in a musical phrase; music punctuation
Term
Cadenza
Definition
virtuosic solo passage in the manner of improvisation, performed near the end of an aria or a movement of a concerto
Term
Cantus Firmus
Definition
“Fixed Melody”, usually of very long notes, often based on a fragment of Gregorian chant that served as the structural basis for a polyphonic composition, particularly in the Renaissance
Term
Castrato
Definition
Male singer who was castrated during boyhood to preserve the soprano or alto vocal register, prominent in 17th and early 18th century opera
Term
Chamber Music
Definition
ensemble music for up about ten players, with one player to a part
Term
Chanson
Definition
French monophonic or polyphonic song, especially of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, set to either courtly or popular poetry
Term
Chord
Definition
simultaneous combination of three or more tones that constitute a single block of harmony
Term
Chordophones
Definition
instrument that produces sound from a vibrating string stretched between two points
Term
Coda
Definition
(Italian for “tail”) part that brings a piece to an end, an extension of the closing idea that leads us to the final cadence in the home key
Term
Concertino
Definition
solo group of instruments in the Baroque concerto grasso
Term
Concerto grosso
Definition
Baroque concerto type based on the opposition between a small group of solo instruments
Term
Consonance
Definition
concordant or harmonious combination of tones that provides a sense of relaxation and stability of music
Term
Da camera [chamber]
Definition
a type of solo or trio sonata intended for secular performances; the designation is usually found in the late 17th cent., especially in the works of Corelli; begins with a prelude or a small sonata, acting as an introduction for the following movements
Term
Da Capo Aria
Definition
lyric song in ternary, or A-B-A form, commonly found in operas, cantatas, and ovatorios
Term
Da chiesa [church]
Definition
an instrumental musical form, common in the Baroque period, usually consists of four movements alternating between slow and fast (sonata)
Term
Development
Definition
structural reshaping of thematic material. Second section of sonata-allegro form; it moves through a series of foreign keys while themes from the exposition are manipulated
Term
Dissonance
Definition
combination of tones that sounds discordant and unstable, in need of resolution
Term
Doctrine of the Affections
Definition
Baroque doctrine of the union of text and music
Term
Dominant
Definition
the firth scale step
Term
Dynamics
Definition
element of musical expression relating to the degree of loudness or softness, or volume, of a sound
Term
Electrophones
Definition
any instrument whose sounds is produced by the oscillation of an electric current, such as the electric organ
Term
Exposition
Definition
opening section. In the fugue, the first section in which the voices enter in turn with the subject.
Term
Forme Fixe
Definition
group of forms, especially in medieval France, in which the poetic structure determines musical repetitions
Term
Functional tonality
Definition
the principle of organization around a central tone, the tonic; the two main scale types (MAJOR and MINOR) function within the system of tonality
Term
Gout
Definition
inflammation of the joints
Term
Graduated dynamics
Definition
cresendo and diminuendo gradually change
Term
Gregorian Chant
Definition
Monophonic melody with a freely flowing, unmeasured vocal line; liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church
Term
Ground bass
Definition
a repeating melody, usually in the bass throughout a vocal or instrumental composition
Term
Harmony
Definition
the simultaneous combination of notes and the ensuring relationships of intervals and chords
Term
Idiophones
Definition
instrument that produces sound from the substance of the instrument itself by being struck, blown, shaken, scraped, or rubbed
Term
Imitation
Definition
Melodic idea presented in one voice and then restated in another, each part continuing as others enter
Term
Italian cantata
Definition
a musical composition, often using a sacred text, comprising recitatives, arias and choruses, often involving a choir; a vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment
Term
Libretto
Definition
text or script of an opera, oratorio, cantata, or musical
Term
Lied
Definition
German for “song”; most commonly associated with the solo art song of the 19th century, usually accompanied by piano
Term
Lutheran cantata
Definition
used in liturgy services; many written by Bach; generally unified by a chorale, or hymn tune, sung in the four-part harmony
Term
Lutheran Chorale
Definition
CONGREGATIONAL SINGING IN German rather than latin; adapted melodies from Gregorian chant, secular art music, and even pop. Tunes. Originally sung in unison, these hymns soon were written in four-part harmony and sung by the choir, melody in soprano; clear-cut melody supported by chords
Term
Madrigal
Definition
Renaissance secular work originating in Italy for voices, with or without instruments, set to a short, lyric love poem; also popular in England
Term
Melody
Definition
succession of single tones or pitches perceived by the mind as unity
Term
Membranophones
Definition
any instrument that produces sound from tightly stretched membranes that can be struck, plucked, rubbed, or sung into
Term
Meter
Definition
organization of rhythm in time; the grouping of beats into large, regular patterns, notated as measures
Term
Middle Ages
Definition
Acceptance of the Roman Catholic Church; music was predominantly religious
Term
Minuet & Trio
Definition
an A-B-A form (A = minuet; B = trio) is a moderate triple meter; often the third movement of the Classical multi-movement cycle
Term
Modulation
Definition
the process of changing from one key to another
Term
Monody
Definition
vocal style established in the Baroque, with a solo singer(s) and instrumental accompaniment
Term
Motet
Definition
Polyphonic vocal genre, secular in the Middle Ages but sacred or devotional thereafter
Term
Musica Transalpina
Definition
Musica transalpina was a collection of Italian madrigals, mostly by Ferrabosco and Marenzio, fitted with English words. They were well-loved, and several similar anthologies followed immediately after the success of the first. Yonge himself published a second Musica transalpina in 1597, hoping to duplicate the success of the first collection.
Term
Notre Dame School
Definition
began the change in polyphonic music
Term
Opera
Definition
Music drama that is generally sung throughout, combining the resources of vocal and instrumental music with poetry and drama, acting and pantomime, scenery and costumes
Term
Opera Buffa
Definition
Italian comic opera
Term
Opera Seria
Definition
Tragic Italian opera
Term
Oratorio
Definition
Large-scale dramatic genre originating in the Baroque, based on a text of religious or serious character, performed by solo voices, chorus, and orchestra; similar to opera but without scenery, costumes or action
Term
Orchestra
Definition
performing group of diverse instruments in various cultures; in Western art music, an ensemble of multiple strings with various woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments
Term
Ostinato
Definition
a short melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic pattern that is repeated throughout a work or a section of one
Term
Overture
Definition
an introductory movement, as in an opera or oratorio, often presenting melodies from arias to come; also an orchestral work for concert performance
Term
Patronage
Definition
sponsorship of an artist or a musician, historically by a member of the wealthy or ruling classes
Term
Phrase
Definition
musical unit; often a competent of a melody
Term
Recapitulation
Definition
third section of sonata-allegro form, in which the thematic material of the exposition is restated, generally in the tonic
Term
Renaissance
Definition
marked the passing of European society froma predominantly religious orientation to a more secular one, and from an age of unquestioning faith and mysticism to one of reason and scientific inquiry; focus on human fulfillment
Term
Repetition & Contrast
Definition
a compositional technique whereby a passage or section is restated
Term
Responsorial
Definition
Singing, in which a soloist or a group soloist alternates with the choir; “call and response”
Term
Rhythm
Definition
the controlled movement of music in time
Term
Ripieno
Definition
the larger or the two ensembles in the Baroque concerto grasso
Term
Ritornello
Definition
short, recurring instrumental passage found in both the aria and the Baroque concerto
Term
Rondo
Definition
Musical form in which the first section recurs, usually in the tonic; it appears as the last movement in various forms
Term
Scale
Definition
series of tones in ascending or descending order; may present the notes of a key
Term
Scherzo
Definition
composition in A-B-A form, usually in triple meter, replaced the minuet and trio in the 19th century
Term
Sequence
Definition
restatement of an idea or motive at a different pitch level
Term
Solo concerto
Definition
one instrument set against the orchestra
Term
Solo sonata
Definition
a sonata for one instrument with continuo accompaniment
Term
Sonata form
Definition
A movement in sonata-allegro form establishes a home key, then moves or modulates to another key and ultimately returns to the home key; a drama between two contrasting key areas
Term
Stile Concertato
Definition
Baroque style developed by Monteverdi, which introduced novel effects such as rapid repeated notes as symbols of passion
Term
Stile Recitative
Definition
A style used in operas, oratorios, and cantatas in which the text is declaimed in the rhythm of natural speech with slight melodic variation and little orchestral accompaniment.
Term
String quartet
Definition
Chamber music ensemble consisting of two violins, viola, and cello. Also a multi-movement composition for this ensemble
Term
Subdominant
Definition
fourth scale step, fa
Term
Suite
Definition
multi-movement work made up of a series of contrasting dance movements, generally all in the same key
Term
Symphony
Definition
large work for orchestra, generally in three or four movements
Term
Syncopation
Definition
deliberate upsetting of the meter or pulse through a temporary shifting of the accent to a weak beat or an off beat
Term
Tempo
Definition
rate of speed or pace of the music
Term
Tension & Release
Definition
describes how music keeps the attention of the listener; tension = dominant chord; Release = tonic chord
Term
Terraced Dynamics
Definition
dynamic changes that occur suddenly without general transition; used in Baroque style music
Term
Texture
Definition
the interweaving of melodic (horizontal) and harmonic (vertical) elements in the musical fabric
Term
Thematic transformation
Definition
musical expansion of a theme by varying its melodic outline, harmony, or rhythm
Term
Theme & Variations
Definition
compositional procedure in which a theme is stated and then altered in successive statements; occurs as an independent piece or as a movement of a multi-movement cycle
Term
Timbre (tone color)
Definition
the quality of a sound that distinguishes one voice or instrument from another
Term
Tonality
Definition
principle of organization around a tonic, or home, pitch, based on a major or minor scale
Term
Tonic
Definition
the first note of the scale or key
Term
Triad
Definition
common chord type, consisting of three pitches built on alternate tones of the scale
Term
Trio sonata
Definition
Baroque chamber sonata type written in three parts: two melody lines and the basso continuo; requires a total of four players to perform
Term
Varied Repetition
Definition
a repetition of a musical theme in which the rhythm, harmony, or melody is altered or embellished
Term
Venetian Polychoral Motet
Definition
two or more choirs of singers alternated
Term
Word Painting
Definition
musical pictorialization of words from the text as an expressive device; a prominent feature of the Renaissance madrigal
Term
Charlemagne
Definition
legendary emperor of the Franks
Term
Eleanor of Aquitane
Definition
was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages
Term
Guillaume de Machaut
Definition
was a poet-composer of the French Ars Nova (new art) who wrote sacred music and polyphonic chansons set to fixed text forms
Term
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
Definition
worked as an organist and choirmaster at various Italian churches; wrote over 100 Masses
Term
George Frideric Handel
Definition
a German, wrote Italian opera for English audiences and gave England the oratorio
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
German religious reformer
Term
Giuseppe Torelli
Definition
Italian composer, most remembered for his contributions to the development of the instrumental concerto
Term
Christoph Willibald Gluck
Definition
a German-born and Italian-trained composer who was able to liberate serious opera from its outmoded conventions
Term
Ludwig van Beethoven
Definition
German composer; nine-symphonies
Term
Pope Gregory I (the Great)
Definition
codifying melodies of the mass
Term
Hildegard of Bingen
Definition
head of a monastery in a small town in western Germany; remembered for her writings on natural history and medicine
Term
Guillaume Dufay
Definition
Franco-Flemish composer of the early Renaissance; most famous and influential composer in Europe in the mid 15th century
Term
Claudio Monteverdi
Definition
early Baroque master who wrote operas based on mythology and Roman history
Term
Giovanni Gabrieli
Definition
an Italian composer and organist; one of the most influential musicians of his time, and represents the culmination of the style of Venetian School
Term
Johann Sebastian Bach
Definition
German composer; as one of the main composers of the Baroque style, and as one of the greatest composers of all time
Term
Antonio Vivaldi
Definition
one of the most prolific composers of his era, is best remembered for his more than 500 concertos
Term
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Definition
was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. He composed over 600 works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral music. He is among the most enduringly popular of classical composers.
Term
Prince Esterhazy
Definition
a family of enormously wealthy Hungarian princes famous for their patronage of the arts
Term
Leonin
Definition
leader of the Cathedral of Notre Dame; the first composer of the polyphonic music
Term
Perotin
Definition
successor of Leonin, expanded the dimensions of organum by increasing the number of voice parts first to three and then to four
Term
Josquin Desprez
Definition
Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance; first master of the high Renaissance style of polyphonic vocal music that was emerging during his lifetime
Term
John Farmer
Definition
English madrigal composer; wrote Fair Phyllis
Term
Henry Purcell
Definition
wrote Dido and Aeneas, based on The Aeneid, a Roman epic by Virgil
Term
Arcangelo Corelli
Definition
Italian composer of Baroque music
Term
C.P.E. Bach
Definition
fifth child of Johann Sebastian Bach; influential composer working at time of transition between his father’s baroque style and the classical and romantic styles that followed
Term
Joseph Haydn
Definition
was one of the most prolific composers of the Classical period; chamber music
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