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Infectious Diseases K9/Feline
JJC Vet 110 SAN
434
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 1
10/24/2013

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Term
epidemiology
Definition
occurrence of diseases, their frequency, and how they're distributed within a population (aka epizootiology)
Term
epidemic
Definition
level of disease in a population that is significantly greater than usual, that is spread widely and rapidly, but is normally only occasionally present (aka epizootic)
Term
endemic
Definition
level of disease that is present in a population at all times (aka enzootic)
Term
sporadic
Definition
single or random occurrence of disease
Term
host
Definition
living organism that harbors and provides sustenance for another organism known as a parasite
Term
definitive host
Definition
where the parasite naturally resides as an adult and reproduces
Term
intermediate host
Definition
where the parasite must reside in order to develop, usually part of the larval stage
Term
aberrant host
Definition
dead-end, abnormal host; parasite cannot complete its life cycle
Term
reservoir
Definition
natural habitat of an infectious agent, where it survives
Term
carrier
Definition
an animal reservoir
Term
latent carriers
Definition
animal reservoir that sheds disease intermittently
Term
pathogenic organism
Definition
an organism that can cause disease
Term
transmissibility
Definition
how communicable a disease is; the ability to spread from an infected host to a susceptible host
Term
horizontal transmission
Definition
disease transmission between others in the same group at the same time
Term
vertical transmission
Definition
disease transmission to succeeding generations (transplacental/intrauterine, DNA)
Term
4 major routes of infectious agent transmission
Definition
-direct contact
-vehicle/fomite
-airborne
-vector
Term
direct contact
Definition
physical contact with the host
Term
vehicle or fomite
Definition
inanimate object that carries or contains an infectious organism
Term
airborne
Definition
infections that are transmissible at a distance through aerosolized agent
Term
vector
Definition
a living creature that transmits an infectious disease
Term
labile
Definition
fragile, easily destroyed; e.g. enveloped viruses
Term
clinical signs
Definition
symptoms that we can actually see, not that we need to test for
Term
ataxia
Definition
without coordination
Term
prepatent period
Definition
the time between exposure to an infectious agent and when clinical signs appear
Term
zoonotic
Definition
refers to diseases that humans can catch from animals, in which the infectious agent grows and thrives in the human (e.g. Lyme yes, fleas no)
Term
How is Hepatitis referred to on vaccines?
Definition
H or A, A-2
Term
What microbe causes K9 Hepatitis?
Definition
Adenovirus-1
Term
What vaccine is used to prevent K9 Hepatitis?
Definition
Adenovirus-2 modified live, because A-1 vaccine caused "blue eye."
Term
Abbreviation for most common K9 vaccines? What do the letters mean?
Definition
DH(A)LPP-C
Distemper, Hepatitis (Adenovirus), Leptospirosis, Parainfluenza, Parvo, Corona
Term
recombinant vaccine
Definition
a vaccine that contains just the antigen of a pathogen, eliciting a stronger immune response than killed vaccines, and fewer negative symptoms than modified live vaccines
Term
CS of K9 distemper
Definition
start with cold-like symptoms (cough, thick mucoid discharges), V&D, then nervous system symptoms (twitching, ataxia, seizures, and death), may have "hard pad"
Term
How is K9 distemper destroyed?
Definition
it's labile, so most cleaning agents work
Term
K9 distemper is often misdiagnosed as ___ in the early stages.
Definition
kennel cough
Term
Sign of a K9 distemper survivor?
Definition
"Hard pad" or hyperkeratosis of the footpads/nose.
Term
What pathogen causes K9 distemper?
Definition
highly contagious paramyxovirus
Term
Fatality of K9 distemper?
Definition
80-90% when it reaches the neuro stage
Term
What disease is associated with "hard pad"?
Definition
K9 distemper
Term
What disease is associated with enamel hypoplasia?
Definition
K9 distemper, but it could be caused by any very high fever.
Term
pathognomonic
Definition
characteristic for a certain disease; its presence means a particular disease is present without a doubt
Term
What K9 disease is marked by a "roller coaster"-like fever?
Definition
K9 distemper
Term
How is K9 distemper transmitted?
Definition
oronasal route (aerosol), V&D
Term
What animals are susceptible to K9 distemper?
Definition
all dogs and carnivores - ferrets
Term
Vaccine for distemper?
Definition
Yes, very effective. Also for ferrets.
Term
CS of K9 Hepatitis
Definition
-at first UR (cough, sore throat, drippy nasal discharge, tonsillitis) -then infection spreads to liver/kidneys/eyes
Term
Petechiae and pale MM may be signs of which K9 disease?
Definition
Hepatitis- clotting factors affected
Term
"Blue eye" is associated with what K9 disease?
Definition
Hepatitis
Term
Hepatomegaly is associated with what K9 disease?
Definition
Hepatitis
Term
Seizures and rapid death can be signs of...?
Definition
end-stage K9 distempter, or K9 hepatitis
Term
Transmission of K9 Hepatitis?
Definition
Oronasal (aerosol, snot drips)
Term
Which K9 diseases are zoonotic?
Definition
Leptospirosis, Lyme, rabies
Term
Where does adenovirus-1 replicate?
Definition
tonsils and lymph nodes
Term
What pathogen causes leptospirosis?
Definition
spirochete with many serovars
Term
serovar
Definition
serum-varieties (variations within a species of bacteria or virus)
Term
Tx for lepto?
Definition
antibiotics- effective if caught before kidney failure
Term
What animals can get lepto?
Definition
Skunks, raccoons, opossums, rodents, humans
Term
CS of lepto?
Definition
kidney and possibly liver failure (dehydration, PU/PD, vomiting, icterus, shock, death)
Term
How is lepto transmitted?
Definition
urine (oral or in cut)
Term
Vaccine for lepto?
Definition
Yes, but controversy over cross-protection of serovars
Term
The vaccines for which K9 diseases are not considered core vaccines?
Definition
Leptospirosis, corona virus, Bordatella bronchiseptica
Term
CS of K9 Parainfluenza
Definition
UR & LR (cough, sneeze, serous nasal discharge, can lead to pneumonia)
Term
What K9 disease is self-limited?
Definition
parainfluenza
Term
What pathogen causes K9 Parainfluenza?
Definition
a virus
Term
What K9 disease is likely to lead to a secondary bacterial infection (pneumonia)?
Definition
parainfluenza
Term
Vaccine for K9 Parainfluenza?
Definition
Yes, also IN vaccine
Term
Transmission of K9 Parainfluenza?
Definition
oronasal (aerosol)
Term
What pathogen causes Parvo?
Definition
parvovirus, non-enveloped virus
Term
What can destroy the parvovirus?
Definition
diluted bleach or hospital-grade disinfectants
Term
CS of Parvo?
Definition
from crypt cell infection and leukopenia
-V & bloody diarrhea (sloughing), fetid odor
-severe dehydration, weakness, pale MM
-rapid weight loss, death
Term
What dogs are most prone to Parvo?
Definition
6-12wk puppies because they're not yet vaccinated. Puppies may not develop GI signs before death.
Term
What K9 disease is associated with a fetid odor?
Definition
Parvo
Term
In which K9 disease are the villi completely "mowed down"?
Definition
Parvo
Term
Rots, Dobes, and Pitties generally have a poorer immune response to which K9 disease?
Definition
Parvo
Term
About how often does the intestinal lining turn over and produce new villi?
Definition
4 days
Term
Tx for Parvo?
Definition
-antibiotics (bact/somatic cell death releases toxins)
-anti-ulcer Carafate (sucralfate)
-transfusion from survivor, fluids
-immune stimulants (interferon)
-Banamine (NSAID)
-anti-diarrheals
Term
What drug is akin to Pepto-Bismol?
Definition
Carafate (sucralfate)
Term
What K9 disease is associated with Carafate?
Definition
Parvo
Term
endotoxemia
Definition
large amount of toxins in the blood, leading to shock and death; occurs in Parvo
Term
How is Parvo transmitted?
Definition
V&D
Term
CS of K9 Corona?
Definition
similar to parvo, but shorter duration and less severe
-less severe dehydration/wt loss
-diarrhea might not be bloody
-death less likely
Term
What causes the CS of K9 corona virus?
Definition
the tips of the villi are "mowed down" but the crypt cells are not
Term
What pathogen causes "kennel cough"?
Definition
Bordatella bronchiseptica
Term
CS of B. bronchiseptica?
Definition
-dry cough/gag/retching (non-productive)
Term
What causes the CS of kennel cough?
Definition
tracheal cilia are paralyzed and can't move mucus, takes 3-4wks to regain function
Term
Tx for B. bronchiseptica?
Definition
antibiotics, cough suppressants, tranquilizers; wait it out because cilia grow back in 3-4wks
Term
What pathogen causes Lyme disease?
Definition
the spirochete Borellia burgdorferi
Term
"Walking freckle" refers to what?
Definition
deer tick
Term
Suspected source of Lyme disease?
Definition
mice
Term
A tick must ___ in order to transmit B. burgdorferi.
Definition
attach for 24hrs
Term
What K9 diseases are caused by spirochetes?
Definition
lepto and lyme (Borellia burgdorferi)
Term
When is tick season in IL?
Definition
May/June
Term
How to remove a tick?
Definition
Grab near base and pull slowly. Try to get the head, but body will eventually eject it like a splinter.
Term
tick's preferred attachment sites
Definition
ears/neck
Term
CS of Lyme?
Definition
-arthritis-like joint pain / limping
-skin rash
-depression/lethargy
-may cause kidney/heart problems
Term
How long does Lyme disease last?
Definition
can be acute or chronic, need to catch early
Term
How is Staph lysate administered?
Definition
series of injections
Term
How does Staph lysate work?
Definition
like allergy shots; animal should build immunity to Staph infections
Term
What is Staph lysate?
Definition
not a vaccine, but it stimulates the immune system to build immunity to Staph skin infections
Term
Why would Staph lysate be used?
Definition
In dogs with chronic/recurring skin infections, as an alternative to long-term antibiotic therapy
Term
What pathogen causes Rabies?
Definition
a rhabdovirus
Term
Where does the rabies virus go in the body?
Definition
bite > salivary glands > nerves > CNS
Term
Mortality rate of rabies?
Definition
100% once CS appear
Term
How to diagnose rabies?
Definition
-brain biopsy- look for Negri bodies
-tissues fluoresce
Term
Negri body
Definition
-a form of inclusion body, a mass within a cell
-found in brain biopsies of rabies patients
Term
#1 rabies vector in IL?
Definition
bats
Term
Common rabies vectors?
Definition
bats, skunks, raccoons, foxes
Term
How is rabies transmitted?
Definition
-saliva in bite or cut
-organ/tissue donations
-maybe possibly through bat droppings? unknown
Term
CS of rabies?
Definition
-not always agressive
-lethargic
-paralysis (of larynx = drooling)
-any behavior or neuro change
Term
What is the "dumb form" of rabies?
Definition
-lethargic, malaise, not aggressive or biting
Term
What animals are required to be vaccinated for rabies?
Definition
dogs; cats in some places
Term
What animals CANNOT receive a rabies vaccine by law? Why?
Definition
wolves, wolf hybrids
-may show CS of rabies
Term
What animals CAN receive a rabies vaccine?
Definition
dogs, cats, ferrets, raccoons
Term
Where is rabies not found?
Definition
Hawaii and Great Britain
Term
Cats should never receive ___(a certain vaccine).
Definition
MLV rabies
Term
If a person is bitten by a possibly rabid animal...
Definition
if animal is healthy, 10d quarantine to watch for CS and avoid other illnesses
Term
If an unvaccinated animal is bitten by a rabid animal...
Definition
it should be euthanized immediately, or if owner refuses, 6mo isolation with rabies vaccine 1mo before release
Term
If a vaccinated animal is bitten by a rabid animal...
Definition
immediately revaccinate, stay in owner's control and observe 45d
Term
When is the rabies vaccine administered?
Definition
Every 1 or 3 years, but first rabies vaccine must be 1-year.
Term
challenge study
Definition
vaccinate animal > wait allotted time, infect animal > does it develop the disease?
Term
Duramune
Definition
1st challenge study; 3yr vaccine for H(A-1) virus, parvo, distemper
Term
some miscellaneous K9 vaccines?
Definition
-melanoma canine influenza
-dental vaccine (porphyromonas) discontinued 2011
Term
parasite
Definition
Any organism that feeds off another organism without contributing to that organism's wellbeing
Term
#1 internal parasite
Definition
intestinal worms
Term
Where do fleas congregate?
Definition
tailhead, head/neck, belly
Term
In what life stage are fleas visible?
Definition
adult
Term
How much do adult fleas consume?
Definition
15x their weight in blood per day
Term
What is flea dirt?
Definition
Fleas' excrement; it's curled like a comma and turns red with water
Term
How many eggs does a flea lay per day? Per lifetime?
Definition
40-50/day, 2000-3000/lifetime
Term
A female flea must ___ before she is able to lay eggs.
Definition
have a blood meal
Term
Flea eggs are more likely to hatch in what kind of environment?
Definition
Temp 65+, humidity 50%+
Term
What do flea larva eat?
Definition
flea dirt
Term
How long does it take for flea eggs to hatch?
Definition
2wks - 6mo, depending on environment
Term
How long does a flea stay in the pupa stage?
Definition
5-10d
Term
Describe the pupa stage of fleas.
Definition
Spun cocoon, comes after larval stage and before adulthood
Term
What factors can induce the change of pupa -> flea?
Definition
vibrations (mowing lawn), heat, humidity
Term
How do fleas irritate the host's skin?
Definition
Their saliva irritates skin, much like a mosquito's saliva irritates ours (humans').
Term
Negative effects of a flea infestation?
Definition
flea allergy, anemia (esp in young animals), tape worm transmission
Term
What do flea eggs look like?
Definition
small white spheres, not sticky so they fall off the animal and infest the surrounding environment
Term
What parasite do fleas sometimes transmit to animals? How is it transmitted?
Definition
Tapeworm - the animals swallows a whole infected flea while biting at itchy fur/skin; it develops into adult stage in the GI tract
Term
What do tapeworms look like in the stool?
Definition
Rarely pass whole worms, usually just segments - look like grains of rice or sesame seeds in stool or on animal
Term
Some animals that get tape worm do not appear to have a flea infestion. Why is this?
Definition
Better groomers ingest more fleas, so they are not apparent on skin/in coat.
Term
Diseases transmitted by ticks?
Definition
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichiosis, Lyme Disease
Term
How to remove a tick?
Definition
Grasp near head, don't squeeze body, pull slowly
Term
How to kill/dispose of a tick?
Definition
Squish it and put in garbage. Flush down toilet. Put in jar with tick killer.
Term
Why should you not squeeze the body of a tick while removing it from the skin?
Definition
It may burst, increasing the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens.
Term
Female ticks may become engorged with (#) eggs?
Definition
1800 eggs
Term
What are ticks called after hatching but before their first blood meal?
Definition
seed ticks
Term
Where do newly hatched ticks reside?
Definition
on the tips of grass blades, waiting for a passing host
Term
How can you identify fleas on a pet?
Definition
-Flea comb, dirt is red when water added
-Comb fur in several spots to see adults
-Tousle fur over a light surface, adults or flea dirt will fall off
Term
List the life stages of the flea, and where they occur.
Definition
eggs (laid on animal, fall into environment) > larva (usually enviro) > pupa (enviro) > adult (host)
Term
What things/locations must be treated to prevent flea and tick infestations?
Definition
animal, house, yard
Term
How to assess the magnitude of a flea infestation?
Definition
Is it a multi-pet household?
Do the animals go outside?
Are humans being bit by fleas?
Term
Common active ingredient of flea shampoos?
Definition
pyrethrins and derivs like permethrins
Term
How to use a flea shampoo?
Definition
Lather head to tail and let sit on fur 5-10 minutes. May need to repeat weekly.
Term
Benefits of a using a flea shampoo?
Definition
-remove adult fleas so they can't bite
-remove flea dirt (so any dirt found later = new infestation)
-remove oils so sprays/dips can penetrate better
-relieve itching if shampoo contains oatmeal, etc.
Term
Side effect of flea spray in cats?
Definition
cats lick it, it tastes bad --> drooling
Term
What type of flea Tx should never be combined with other Txs?
Definition
flea spray - can cause toxicity
Term
Active ingredient/s of flea sprays?
Definition
pyrethrin and derivs (permethrins), maybe growth regulators
Term
When would a flea spray be helpful?
Definition
mild infestations
Term
What is a growth regulator?
Definition
a substance which interrupts a flea's life cycle by preventing egg>larva and larva>pupa
Term
Cons of growth regulators?
Definition
expensive
Term
Pros of growth regulators?
Definition
safe and effective
Term
Name some growth regulators.
Definition
Precor, Fenoxycarb, Nylar, Methoprene
Term
How should flea spray be applied to cats and kittens?
Definition
Spray towel and wrap kitty in it for several minutes.
Term
How should flea spray be applied to dogs?
Definition
Spray a light mist all over body, should be effective for several days.
Term
When should a flea dip be used?
Definition
Moderate - severe infestations
Term
How is a flea dip applied?
Definition
Mix as directed, soak coat thoroughly, wear protective clothing, don't rinse!
Term
How does a flea dip work?
Definition
Insecticide is allowed to dry on skin, killing present fleas and leaving a residual flea-killing ability.
Term
What can be done to make flea dips more effective?
Definition
Bathe the animal first to remove oils.
Term
Pros of flea collars?
Definition
Slow release of chemicals make fleas sick, some may die.
Term
Cons to flea collars?
Definition
No "knock-down" effect, cats are very sensitive, collar can get caught on things and hang animal
Term
How should a flea collar be used on a cat?
Definition
Let it air out a few days so it's less irritating to the cat. Cut off the excess and place in the vacuum bag.
Term
What role should a flea collar play in the prevention and Tx of fleas?
Definition
Use as 1st line of defense, starting with no fleas
Term
Active ingredient of flea powders?
Definition
Usually pyrethrin.
Term
When should a flea powder be used?
Definition
mild infestations
Term
Pros to flea powder?
Definition
No hissing sound or getting wet (cats)
Term
Cons to flea powder?
Definition
Dusty/messy, excessive exposure when pet grooms
Term
Advantage
Definition
-Imidacloprid
-monthly topical
-kills adult fleas, even if they aren't biting
-for all severities
Term
Pros to monthly topicals
Definition
-easy application, esp stress-free for cats
-prevention vs Tx
Term
Imidacloprid
Definition
Advantage
Term
Fipronil
Definition
Frontline / Top Spot
Term
Frontline / Top Spot
Definition
-Fipronil
-goes into skin glands, more water resistent
-repels ticks, too
Term
Cons to Advantage?
Definition
Can't bathe the animal - less useful for dogs requiring regular grooming
Term
Revolution
Definition
-Selamectin
-kills fleas, prevents HW
Term
Selamectin
Definition
Revolution
Term
Program
Definition
-Lufenuron
-systemic insecticide (but safe for animal)
-PO monthly
-birth control for fleas (does not kill adults)
-can mix with other Txs
Term
Lufenuron
Definition
Program
Term
Sentinel
Definition
-Program (lufenuron) and Interceptor in one
-fleas and HW
-easier for owner
Term
What products provide protection against both fleas and ticks?
Definition
Revolution (selamectin) and Sentinel (Program + Interceptor)
Term
How is Program administered?
Definition
injection or in food (cats), pill (dog)
Term
water-based or alcohol-based flea spray
Definition
water-based is less irritating if excoriation is present
Term
Pros of vacuuming?
Definition
-stimulate pupa > flea, which is easier to kill
-mechanical removal of fleas and eggs
Term
How often should premise sprays be used?
Definition
-3wks after first treatment, then monthly or seasonally
Term
Ingredients of premise sprays?
Definition
flea-killing agents plus growth-regulators
Term
What is a fogger?
Definition
Canister that once set will release a fine mist on its own in a wide area.
Term
Pros of foggers?
Definition
-growth regulators
-wide dispersal
Term
Cons of foggers?
Definition
-3 hour evacuation
-only penetrates line of sight
Term
Cons of carpet powders?
Definition
dusty residue
Term
How do carpet powders work?
Definition
-some actual insecticides
-kill adult fleas or weaken/dry them out
Term
How do professional exterminators work?
Definition
-potent insecticides, generally guaranteed
-safety concerns
Term
Ways to control fleas in the yard?
Definition
-mow grass, lawn sprays/granules
Term
How does cutting the grass help treat flea infestations?
Definition
Stimulates pupa > adult, which is easier to kill
Term
How are lawn granules used?
Definition
Apply to lawn, wet slightly to activate.
Term
How do lawn sprays compare to lawn granules?
Definition
Granules last longer, but sprays penetrate better.
Term
Active ingredients in lawn sprays/granules?
Definition
Dursban and Diazanon
Term
How do lawn sprays/granules work?
Definition
Insecticides that kill adult fleas. Retreat in 3 weeks because pupa will have hatched.
Term
When treating a yard for fleas, one should do what in regards to sprays and granules?
Definition
alternate so fleas can't build up a tolerance
Term
How often should lawn sprays/granules be used?
Definition
First Tx > 3 wks > every 4wks or seasonally
Term
How to control ticks?
Definition
-mow lawn regularly
-professional exterminators- potent chemicals
-regular dipping or topical Frontline
Term
Non-chemical method of flea prevention?
Definition
nematode lawn Tx - worms eat the fleas
Term
roundworm eggs
Definition
-round, larger than other worms' eggs
-very resilient
Term
How big are adult roundworms?
Definition
3-6" long
Term
Roundworm life cycle
Definition
ingest eggs (or get thru placenta/milk) > immature migrate through organs > lungs, cough and swallow > mature in intestines
Term
How are roundworms usually detected?
Definition
Find eggs in stool, generally not worms.
Term
How is roundworm spread?
Definition
ingestion of eggs or through placenta/mammary glands
Term
Tx for roundworms?
Definition
-routine -pyrantel or comparable, dead worms in stool in 24hrs -retreat 2-3wks (larva > adult)
Term
How long does it take a roundworm larva to become an adult?
Definition
2-3 wks
Term
hookworm eggs
Definition
-oval with little cluster inside
Term
SE of hookworm?
Definition
Anemia- very well-developed mouth
Term
Hookworm life cycle
Definition
Stool contains eggs > hatch into larva > penetrate skin > migrate through organs > lungs, swallowed > develop into adults
Term
How big are adult hookworms?
Definition
1/2 - 3/4" long
Term
Tx for hookworm?
Definition
2 Tx pyrantel, 2wks apart
Term
Order of digestive organs
Definition
esophagus > stomach > small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) > large intestine (cecum, ascending/transverse/descending/sigmoid colon)
Term
Where do adult whipworms reside?
Definition
Between small and large intestines in cecum (1st part of lg)
Term
whipworm egg
Definition
barrel-shaped
Term
How big are adult whipworms?
Definition
1-2" long but hard to see in stool; one end tapers
Term
Tx of whipworm?
Definition
3 consecutive days of a special med; they are very resistant
Term
Life cycle of whipworm?
Definition
eggs in stool are digested > larve > adults
Term
How is whipworm spread?
Definition
ingestion of eggs from stool
Term
How is whipworm noticed?
Definition
Rarely see worms, despite length. Eggs in fecal.
Term
How is tapeworm spread?
Definition
ingestion of flea with larva inside
Term
Tx for tapeworm?
Definition
Treat fleas too! Injection or single pill
Term
Coccidia eggs
Definition
Looks similar to roundworm egg, but much smaller. Oval, dark cluster inside.
Term
What is Coccidia?
Definition
protozoan that parasitizes intestinal cells
Term
Tx for coccidia?
Definition
sulfa drugs
Term
How to prevent intestinal parasites?
Definition
Clean up poop, regular stool samples, preventive meds, wash hands
Term
abbreviation of common cat vaccines
Definition
FDRC-C
(feline distemper rhinotracheitis calici chlamydia)
Term
What type of pathogen causes feline distemper?
Definition
A parvovirus, which is non-enveloped.
Term
Another name for feline distemper?
Definition
panleukopenia
Term
How is feline distemper destroyed?
Definition
special disinfectants, bleach
Term
CS of feline distemper?
Definition
bloody diarrhea, vomiting, low WBCs, severe dehydration, severe fever (104-107), death, cerebellar hypoplasia (kittens infected in-utero)
Term
What feline disease is associated with cerebellar hypoplasia?
Definition
feline distemper aka panleukopenia
Term
What is cerebellar hypoplasia?
Definition
Underdeveloped cerebellum - ataxia, retinal/optic damage
Term
What happens if a cat becomes anorexic?
Definition
Hepatic lipidosis aka Fatty Liver
Term
What is hepatic lipidosis?
Definition
When a cat stops eating, the liver starts metabolizing fats for energy. This is inefficient and the liver stops working -> icterus, death
Term
Tx for hepatic lipidosis?
Definition
forcefeed, supplement with NutriCal, fluids; month duration
Term
Tx for feline distemper?
Definition
supportive care
Term
How is feline distemper transmitted?
Definition
V&D, in-utero
Term
What pathogen causes feline rhinotracheitis?
Definition
herpes virus
Term
How long does feline herpes virus last in the environment?
Definition
about 1 day
Term
How is feline rhinotracheitis transmitted?
Definition
fomites, aerosol
Term
Feline herpes virus comes in two forms:
Definition
"venereal" - abortions
respiratory - herpetic ulcers of cornea, nose/throat (less than calici)
Term
ptyalism
Definition
excessive salivation
Term
Which feline disease is associated with ptyalism?
Definition
calici
Term
CS for feline herpes?
Definition
sneezing, purulent rhinitis, ulcers of throat/mouth/eyes, ptyalism, severe conjunctivitis
Term
Vaccine for feline herpes?
Definition
Yes, but may still get milder symptoms of the disease.
Term
How can feline herpes be destroyed?
Definition
soap and water
Term
CS of feline calici?
Definition
ulcerative stomatitis (severe mouth/throat ulcers), serous nasal discharge, mild conjunctivitis (less than herpes), diarrhea, limping kitty syndrome
Term
What is limping kitty syndrome?
Definition
acute arthritis in kittens from calici virus
Term
How is feline calici destroyed?
Definition
it's non-enveloped, so resistant to disinfectants
Term
How long can calici survive in the environment?
Definition
on fomites for several days
Term
How is feline calici transmitted?
Definition
cat-to-cat contact more than aerosolization
Term
What does VS-FCV stand for?
Definition
Virulent Systemic Feline Calici Virus
Term
CS of VS-FCV?
Definition
face and limb edema/skin sloughing, URTI, pneumonia
Term
What groups are most at risk of VS-FCV?
Definition
adult cats in shelters
Term
What causes VS-FCV
Definition
mutated form of calici virus
Term
What causes feline chlamydia?
Definition
Chlamydophila felis (fka C. psittaci)
Term
Another name for feline chlamydia?
Definition
pneumonitis
Term
Which letter of the vaccine abbreviation relates to feline chlamydia?
Definition
P(neumonitis) or C(hlamydia)
Term
How is feline chlamydia transmitted?
Definition
contact with secretions
Term
Tx for feline chlamydia?
Definition
antibiotics - chloramphenical works great but causes aplastic anemia in humans
Term
aplastic anemia
Definition
bone marrow production shuts down; can result from chloramphenical absorption through human skin
Term
CS of feline chlamydia?
Definition
conjunctivitis, chemosis (balloon-like conjunctiva, more in kittens), ocular discharge, runny nose, URTI, bronchitis
Term
Which feline disease is associated with chemosis?
Definition
chlamydia
Term
chemosis
Definition
balloon-like swelling of the conjunctiva
Term
Feline URTI complex - how to treat
Definition
-clean nose -force feed -soft, stinky, warmed-up foods -anti-herpes meds (shortens outbreak)
Term
Scientific name for Heart Worm?
Definition
Dirofilaria immitis
Term
What group does Dr. Keller recommend we use for HW information?
Definition
American Heartworm Society
Term
What worm is like "spaghetti"?
Definition
heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis
Term
Where do adult HWs reside?
Definition
right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Term
HW has a greater incidence in areas of high heat and humidity. Why?
Definition
It is spread by mosquitoes, and they like heat/humidity.
Term
Life cycle of HW?
Definition
1. mosquito carries larva, infects dog upon biting it
2. larvae migrate to heart (months)
3. mature into adults, live in RV/PA
4. females mate and release (6mo) microfilaria
5. mosquito bites dog, microfilaria mature to larvae
Term
HW babies vs adolescents
Definition
babies = microfilaria - made by adult
adolescents = larvae, happens in mosquito
Term
microfilaria
Definition
HW babies made by the adult worms
Term
HW larvae
Definition
in mosquito, microfilaria turn into larvae
Term
What does a HW test detect?
Definition
antigen only found in the adult female
Term
false negative HW (looking for antigen)
Definition
prepatent period, or no adult females
Term
false negative HW (looking for microfilaria)
Definition
prepatent period
Term
How long is the prepatent period for HW?
Definition
6 mos (time it takes to make babies)
Term
What happens to animals infected with HW (if not treated)?
Definition
heart and lung failure, death
Term
HW Preventatives (active ingredients)
Definition
-Ivermectin, Moxidectin
Term
HeartGuard and Iverhart contain...
Definition
ivermectin
Term
Ivermectin products
Definition
HeartGuard, Iverhart (monthly chewables)
Term
Sentinel
Definition
Milbemycin oxime AND lufenuron(Program)
Term
Milbemycin oxime AND lufenuron
Definition
Sentinel
Term
"birth control for fleas"?
Definition
Program (lufenuron)
Term
Moxidectin products
Definition
ProHeart, Advantage Multi
Term
Advantage Multi
Definition
Moxidectin AND Imidacloprid
Term
reasons for recommending parasite preventatives year-round
Definition
-common intestinal parasites
-increased compliance
-animals travel year-round
-retroactive efficacy as safeguard for missed life stages
Term
Types of HW tests?
Definition
Occult- test for antigen/antibodies
Microfilaria
Term
tests involving killed, stained microfilaria
Definition
Knotts, Difil
Term
tests involving live microfilaria
Definition
Buffy Coat, Blood Smear
Term
Occult tests
Definition
test for HW antigen/antibody
Term
HW test involving ELISA
Definition
Occult tests for Ab/Ag
Term
Knotts test
Definition
-blood in tube
-add formalin to lyse cells
-pellet/supernate
-dye and place on slide
-easy to find microfilaria bc concentration/dead(not moving)/no RBCs
Term
Difil test
Definition
-blood in tube through filter
-stain filter
-lyses RBCs, concentrates microfilaria
Term
microfilaria that is not a HW
Definition
Dipetalonema reconditum NOW CALLED Acanthocheilonema reconditum
Term
Where does A. reconditum reside?
Definition
adults in connective tissue, no symptoms
Term
What % of dogs with HW do not have microfilaria?
Definition
20%
Term
How can a HW-infected animal have a +occult but -MF test?
Definition
-all female HW infection
-prepatent (too early for mating)
-currently taking a preventative (kills MF, not adults)
-post microfilaricide Tx
-cats' immune system kills MF, so they only have adult HWs
Term
What could cause a false - occult test?
Definition
-light infection (1-2 worms)
-immature females (no gravid uteruses producing Ag)
-only male worms
-incorrect interpretation of color change
-incorrect storage/use of test
Term
How must a HW occult test be stored/used?
Definition
Store in the refrigerator, warm before use.
Term
When to occult test for HW?
Definition
Start puppies <7 mo age on preventative, then test after 4-7mo to detect any infection acquired in first few months of life
Term
CS of HW in dogs?
Definition
heart failure, cough (worse at night), syncope, dyspnea, death
Term
Caval Syndrome
Definition
-heavy burden of HW -RV/PA but also RA and Vena Cava -blood from liver backs up -ascites -hepatomegaly, icterus -hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria -animal usually dies within days
Term
Goal of HW Tx?
Definition
kill adult HW sloooowly
Term
drugs uesd to treat HW
Definition
-Immiticide (melarsomine)
-Doxycycline - kills bacteria in HW digestive tract
-steroids (pred/dexamethasone) for inflammation (controversial)
Term
Immiticide
Definition
melarsomine; injection to kill adult HWs; pretty expensive >$100/shot
Term
obligate intracellular parasite of HW?
Definition
Wolbachia rickettsia
Term
At what point in the Tx plan for HW is doxycycline started?
Definition
1st step along with HW preventative; doxy is given 4 wks before starting melarsomine
Term
When is the first Immiticide injection given?
Definition
D60
Term
What is given along with the first Immiticide injection?
Definition
prednisone to keep down inflammation from dying worms
Term
When is the second Immiticide injection given?
Definition
D90
Term
When is the third Immiticide injection given?
Definition
D91
Term
When is the first MF test taken after initiating HW Tx?
Definition
D120 (1mo after last injection)
Term
When is an MF test AND occult test taken after initiating HW Tx?
Definition
D271 (6mo after last injection)
Term
Following the Tx plan of the American Heartworm Society, what % of HW are cleared?
Definition
98%
Term
How is Immiticide administered? (site, prep/protocol)
Definition
-IM injection - epaxial
-shave fur = see swelling, don't give next injection in same place
Term
What medicine was previously used to Tx HW?
Definition
-Caparsolate given IV over several days
-perivascular leakage = tissue sloughing
-hot pack over injection
Term
Non-medicinal Tx of HW?
Definition
surgical removal using fluoroscopy
Term
Why is Immiticide administered IM?
Definition
to release arsenic slowly to minimize harm to pt
Term
What % of cats get HW?
Definition
Usually 5-15% of whatever the occurrence in dogs in that given area
Term
CS of HW in cats?
Definition
vomiting, coughing, cardiac/resp signs like asthma
Term
What does HARD stand for?
Definition
Heartworm-Associated Respiratory Disease
Term
What species does HARD afflict?
Definition
cats
Term
Describe a HW infection in cats
Definition
-low worm burden
-immune system kills MF, so only adults present
-adult HWs live 2-3 yrs
Term
What demographic of cats is most likely to be HW+?
Definition
indoor cats, because they have less exposure and thus less immunity to HW
Term
HW Ab tests confirm ___, not ___.
Definition
exposure, current infection
Term
HW Tx for cats?
Definition
no approved Tx, can't use arsenic on cats
Term
HW preventatives for cats?
Definition
HeartGuard, Revolution
Term
HW preventatives for ferrets?
Definition
HeartGuard
Term
How long does it take for a HW microfilaria to develop into a larva?
Definition
about 2 weeks
Term
Scientific name of ear mite?
Definition
Otodectes cynotis
Term
Scientific name of a very stinky yeast?
Definition
Malassezia
Term
CS of HW in dogs?
Definition
coughing, heart failure, dyspnea, death, Caval syndrome
Term
How long is exercise restricted in HW Tx?
Definition
til 6 wks after Tx
Term
What may be given to prevent clots during HW Tx?
Definition
aspirin
Term
Why would aspirin be given during HW Tx?
Definition
prevent clots, relieve pain
Term
Serious SE of arsenicals?
Definition
-cough
-depression
-pyrexia
-dyspnea
-thromboembolism
-death
Term
Test cats for HW if they experience persistent ___.
Definition
vomiting
Term
active ingredient of Kwikstop?
Definition
ferric sub sulfate
Term
silver nitrate
Definition
on ends of wooden sticks, used to stop bleeding from nail trims
Term
function of pinna
Definition
funnel sound into ear canal
Term
auditory ossicles
Definition
malleus, stapes, incus
Term
bulla
Definition
air filled cavity, bony capsule enclosing middle and inner ear
Term
What leads from bulla to back of mouth?
Definition
Eustachian tube
Term
Signs that an animal is scratching at its ear?
Definition
-hair loss on flap or base
-excoriation at edges or opening
-aural hematoma
Term
What is an aural hematoma?
Definition
bleeding between layers of skin and cartilage in the pinna - nowhere else for blood to go, so layers separate
Term
aural hematoma correction
Definition
-pressure wrap
-surgically stitch layers together
-aspirate (will recur probably)
Term
Signs of an ear infection?
Definition
-foul odor
-scratching/rubbing ears
-redness, ulceration
-discharge/debris
-head shaking
Term
Obtain ear samples for culture using a ___ ___.
Definition
culture swab (sterile swab, individually wrapped)
Term
How many cytology slides per ear?
Definition
2: can leave one naked, stain the other
Term
When should you examine slides for ear mites?
Definition
Before staining, because stain may kill them.
Term
Medical term for ear wax?
Definition
cerumen
Term
Classic symptoms of ear mites?
Definition
-coffee-ground appearance of debris
-itchy ears
Term
Types of bacteria found in the ear?
Definition
rods, cocci, spirochetes (rare), yeast
Term
Common ear cocci?
Definition
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
Term
Common ear rods?
Definition
Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella
Term
HPF
Definition
high-power field, 40x (microscopy)
Term
Estimates of bacterial counts
Definition
+, ++, +++
subjective!
Term
Classic appearance of yeast?
Definition
"footprint" describes budding appearance
Term
Ways to count bacteria:
Definition
-exact count at HPF
-estimates
Term
What produces ear wax?
Definition
apocrine (cerumen) glands in epithelium
Term
surgical Tx of chronic/recurrent ear infections
Definition
later ear ablation and bulla osteotomy
Term
lateral ear ablation
Definition
remove vertical ear canal to prevent debris build-up and heat, increase air flow
Term
bulla osteotomy
Definition
opening up of the bulla, the bony air-filled cavity enclosing inner and middle ear
Term
animals with hirsute external ear canals
Definition
poodles, terriers
Term
animals with pendulous ears
Definition
basset hounds, spanials, retrievers
Term
stenosis
Definition
abnormal narrowing of a bodily canal/passageway
Term
breed prone to stenosis of the ear canal
Definition
shar-peis
Term
Signs of middle/inner ear infection?
Definition
-head tilt
-nystagmus
-anorexia
-ataxia
Term
atopy
Definition
allergic hypersensitivity response affecting parts of the body not in direct contact with allergen
Term
FeLV is a ___virus.
Definition
retrovirus
Term
"Leukemia" means...
Definition
a malignant disease of the WBCs
Term
#1 cause of disease-related cat death
Definition
FeLV
Term
How is FeLV transmitted?
Definition
bites, mating, vertical transmission
Term
Early vaccines for ___ caused CS and death.
Definition
FeLV
Term
FeLV was first discovered in the ___.
Definition
1970s
Term
Vaccinating for FeLV does / does not cause a positive FeLV test.
Definition
Does NOT
Term
What bodily fluid is tested for FeLV?
Definition
saliva is inaccurate - use blood
Term
Types of tests for FeLV?
Definition
ELISA in-house
IFA send to lab
Term
ELISA stands for...
Definition
enzyme linked immunosorbant assay
Term
IFA stands for...
Definition
immunofluorescent assay
Term
Describe the ELISA test for FeLV.
Definition
-in-house
-watch for color change
-usually tests for antigen
-screening test
-highly sensitive
Term
Describe the IFA test for FeLV.
Definition
-sent out to lab
-usually tests for antibodies
-finds intracellular (bone marrow) infection
-more likely to be false+
-use as follow-up test to +ELISA
Term
When is an IFA for FeLV performed?
Definition
~3mo after a +ELISA
Term
When is an ELISA for FeLV performed?
Definition
as young as possible but not <9wks old
Term
3 outcomes for FeLV+ cat?
Definition
1- develops immunity & clears virus
2- becomes latent carrier and tests -
3- becomes viremic, infected, shows CS
Term
3 basic groups of FeLV CS?
Definition
-malignant tumor formation
-leukemia
-anemia, immune suppression, viremia, CS of any secondary disease (often gingivitis with otherwise healthy-looking mouth)
Term
Lifespan of a cat that is viremic and showing CS of FeLV?
Definition
3-4 years
Term
When does a FeLV+ cat shed the virus?
Definition
when it is viremic, infected, and showing CS
Term
Lifespan of a cat that tests positive without showing CS of FeLV?
Definition
10 years
Term
interferon
Definition
-naturally produced by body to fight viruses, cancer
-dubious efficacy against FeLV
Term
Why might clients want to use interferon for their FeLV+ cat?
Definition
inexpensive, given PO, no SEs = no harm done even if it doesn't help
Term
FeLV vaccine?
Definition
2 shots after 12wks of age
Term
Prevention of FeLV?
Definition
-test kittens before ownership
-vaccinate 2x after 12wks
-indoors
Term
Why is testing an adult cat for FeLV not very accurate?
Definition
If an adult tests -, it may have had no exposure to FeLV, been exposed but cleared the infection, or been exposed and went latent
Term
vaccine-associated sarcoma
Definition
development of an aggressive cancerous growth at the site of a previous vaccine injection
Term
Where is FeLV vaccine injected?
Definition
Left rear leg as low as possible, SQ
Term
Via what route is FeLV vaccine administered?
Definition
SQ
Term
post-vaccine sarcoma occurs in __ of __ cats.
Definition
1 / 10,000
Term
FIP
Definition
feline infectious peritonitis
Term
FIP is caused by a __virus.
Definition
corona
Term
FECV
Definition
feline enteric corona virus
Term
Confusion about FIP pathogen?
Definition
Is it a mutated GIT corona virus, or a different corona virus?
Term
Type of immune response in FIP+ cat?
Definition
cell-mediated as opposed to humoral (Abs)
Term
How is FIP transmitted?
Definition
-GIT corona virus is transmitted and mutates into FIP
-saliva, ?feces?
-hissing, grooming, dishes, toys, bedding, bites
Term
FIP and fomites
Definition
-live for several days or weeks depending on environment
Term
FIP and disinfectants
Definition
FIP is labile - typical disinfectants kill it
Term
Incidence of FIP?
Definition
In general, <1%. In multi-cat household, 10-20%
Term
2 clinical forms of FIP?
Definition
wet/effusive, dry/noneffusive
Term
CS wet form FIP
Definition
-usually kittens
-ascites (potbelly) or pleural effusion
-straw-colored fluid
-death w/in weeks
Term
CS dry form FIP
Definition
-usually adults
-lesions in organs, brain, blood vessels
-wasting
-neurologic signs
-vague signs, death w/in a year
Term
Tests for FIP?
Definition
-blood tests titer = inaccurate, just tests for exposure to any corona virus
-aspirate straw-colored fluid from potbelly
-post-mortem biopsy (liver, intest. lining, blood vessels)
Term
The CS of FIP in adults may be mistaken for...
Definition
rabies (neuro signs)
Term
Vaccine for FIP?
Definition
**intranasal**
2 shots after 16wks old
Term
FIP vaccine is given __ because...
Definition
IN because it is only effective when < body temp
Term
Physical barriers against microbes?
Definition
-skin
-self-cleaning (tears, urination)
-normal flora
Term
Specific immunity
Definition
-antibody production (humoral)
-cell-mediated destruction of infected cells
Term
Passive immunity
Definition
-receiving Abs from a donor rather than producing your own in response to pathogen
-maternal- from mother to offspring
-lasts 4-6 weeks
Term
Active immunity
Definition
-body makes own Abs in response to specific Ag
-longer-lasting, perhaps life-long
-from disease, vaccination, blood transfusion, etc
Term
How many weeks after birth is a baby's lowest antibody concentration?
Definition
~6 weeks
Term
When do we vaccinate kittens and puppies? Why at this time?
Definition
~6 wks = lowest concentration of antibodies in their blood

-if you vaccinate before this, mother's Abs prevent strong immune response

-if you vaccinate after this, baby might be sick already
Term
Side Effect vs. Adverse Reaction
Definition
SE: expected and anticipated response to a med/vaccine that can last for days after administration, such as inflammation/pain/pyrexia

AR: overreaction of the immune system that goes beyond SEs and occurs within minutes - hour of administration
Term
Vaccine Administration

IM vs SQ vs IN
Definition
IM:
-stronger, fast immune response
-more pain
-greater risk of nerve damage

SQ:
-weaker, slower response
-less pain
-less risk of injuring deeper tissue

IN:
-fastest response, but doesn't last as very long
-no risk of damaging nerves or deep tissue
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