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SA Midterm #2
N/A
193
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
03/13/2012

Additional Sociology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Social Group
Definition
2 or more people who identify with and interact with one another
Term
Primary Group
Definition
Small social group whose members share a personal and lasting relationship
Term
Why does Cooley call this group primary?
Definition
Because:
1st group we experience
shape attitudes, behaviours and identity
Provide economic and other assistance
Bound by emotion and loyalty
Term
Secondary Group
Definition
large and impersonal groups whose membesr pursue a specific goal or activity
Term
Characteristics of secondary group
Definition
Weak emotional ties
Little personal knowledge of each other
People look to one another strategically
Part of a secondary group can turn themselves into primary group
Term
Instrumental Leadership
Definition
Focuses on completing tasks
Term
Expressive Leadership
Definition
Focuses on group's well-being
Term
Authoritarian Leadership Style
Definition
Makes decisions and demands the group to obey; appreciated in a crisis
Term
Democratic Leadership Style
Definition
Members involvement in decision making; draws on creative ideas from members
Term
Laissez-faire Leadership Style
Definition
Leader lets group function on its own
Term
Group Conformity
Definition
groups influence the behaviour of their members conformity
Term
Asch's Research
Definition
Many of us are willing to comprise our judgement to avoid the discomfort of being seen as different, even from people we don't know
Term
Milgram's Research
Definition
Suggests that people are likely to follow the lead of not only legitimate authority figures but also groups of ordinary people even if it means harming another person
Term
Janis's Research
Definition
Groupthink: tendency of group members to conform resulting a narrow view of some issue
Term
Reference Group
Definition
A social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions
Term
Stouffer's Research
Definition
We form a subjective sense of our well-being by looking at ourselves in relation to a specific reference group
Term
In-Group
Definition
Social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty
Term
Out-Group
Definition
Social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition
Term
Dyad
Definition
Social group of 2 members; unstable as both members must work to keep the relationship going
Term
Triad
Definition
Social group of 3 members; more stable than dyads as one member can work as a mediator
Term
What are the 3 ways in which social diversity influences intergroup contact?
Definition
1. Large groups turn inward
2. Heterogenous groups turn inward
3. Physical boundaries creates social boundaries
Term
Explain "Large groups turn inward"
Definition
members have relationships among themselves
[efforts to promote diversity, unintentionally promote separatism]
Term
Explain "Heterogenous groups turn inward"
Definition
Diversity among members promotes interaction with outsiders
Term
Explain "Physical boundaries creates social boundaries"
Definition
To the extent of a social group is physically segregated from others, its members are likely to interact with other people
Term
Networks
Definition
a web of weak social ties
Term
3 Types of Formal Organizations
Definition
Utilitarian: to gain material reward
Normative: to gain morally worthwhile goals
Coercive: to punish/to treat
Term
Weber's characteristics of Bureaucracy
Definition
Specialization
Hierarchy
Rules and Regulations
Formal written communications
Impersonality
Technical competence
Term
Informal Side of Bureaucracy
Definition
Corruption
Informal info placed side by side formal info
Communication with superior officers are much easier with technology
Term
Problems of Bureaucracy
Definition
Bureaucratic Alienation
Bureaucratic inefficiencies and ritualism
Bureaucratic Inertia
Oligarchy
Term
Bureaucratic Alienation
Definition
Dehumanize works into small cogs of unceasingly working mechanisms
Term
Bureaucratic Inefficiencies and Ritualism
Definition
So focused on rules and regulations to the point of undermining the company's goals.
Term
Bureaucratic Inertia
Definition
Tendency for bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves
Term
Oligarchy
Definition
All power nested on a few while ruling many
Term
Scientific Management
Definition
- Weber's ideas revised and complemented
- Application of scientific principles on business operations
> Identify the tasks and time needed to perform them
> Efficiency: Discover way to perform them with more
efficiently
> Provide guidance and incentives to perform jobs more
efficiently
Term
Scientific Management - 3 Challenges
Definition
Race and Gender
Japanese Work Organization
Changing Nature of Work
Term
Challenge 1 - Race and Gender
Definition
Women < Men in management positions
Black, Natives < White + Asian in management positions

"Female Advantae" - Women are more "information oriented" whereas men are more "image oriented", gives women more of an "advantage" in the work place who wants more open and democratic settings
Term
Challenge 2 - The Japanese Work Organization
Definition
- Hired workers in Groups with same salary and responsibility
- Hire workers for life to build sense of loyalty
- Involve workers in "quality groups" for decisions discussions
- Help with worker's personal life as well i.e. mortgage, recreational activity
- Train workers in all phases of operation
Term
Challenge 3 - Changing Nature of Work
Definition
1. Creative freedom
2. Flexibility
3. Flatter Organization
4. Competitive work teams
Term
"McDonaldization" of Society-Principles
Definition
1. Efficiency - customers do part of the work
2. Predictability - do it according to a plan (recipes)
3. Uniformity - same product everywhere
4. Control through automation
Term
Deviance
Definition
The recognized violation of cultural norms
Term
Crime
Definition
The violation of society's formally enacted criminal law
Term
Social Control
Definition
Attempts by society to regulate people's thought and behaviour
Term
Criminal Justice System
Definition
A formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law
Term
Containment theory
Definition
Individual factors like the ability to cope with frustration and identifying positively with cultural norms and values are related to fewer problems with police
Term
Social Foundations of Deviance
Definition
1. Deviance varies according to cultural norms
2. People become deivant as other define them that way
3. Both norms and they way in which people define rule breaking involve social power
Term
Structural-Functional Approach
Definition
Key Insight of this approach is that deviance is a necessary part of social organization
Term
Basic Insight in Deviance [Durkheim]
Definition
1. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms
2. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries
3. Responding to serious deviance brings people together
4. Deviance encourages social change
Term
Strain Theory [Merton]
Definition
Deviance depends on the extent to which society provides the means to achieve cultural goal s
1. Conformity: uses approved means
2. Innovation: Strain between cultural goals and opportunities to get them ; people may use illegitimate means (e.g. crime)
3. Ritualism: Following conventional means for at least respect from others
4. Retreatism: Giving up on reaching cultural goals and "drop out"
5. Rebellion: Seek new cultural goals
Term
Deviant Subcultures
Definition
Deviance or conformity arises from the relative opportunity structure that frames a person's life
Term
Types of Subcultures
Definition
Criminal Subcultures - offer the knowledge, skills and other resources needed to succeed in unconventional ways

Conflict Subcultures : Violence is ignited by frunstration and a desire for respect

Delingquency Subculture: Neglected by society, they seek self-respect by delinquency to define themselves as worthy. e.g. being feared on the streets
Term
Symbolic-Interaction Analysis towards Deviance
Definition
Explains how people define defiance in everyday situations
Term
Labelling Theory (Sym-Int. Approach)
Definition
The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions
Term
Primary and Secondary Deviance
Definition
Primary: minimal violations
Secondary: If labelled by people as deviant, a person may adopt the identity
Term
Stigma
Definition
A powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identtity
Term
The medicalization of Deviance
Definition
What was perceived as a strict moral issue is now turned into a medical condition
e.g. drug addicts
Term
Differential Association Theory [Sutherland]
Definition
Learning any behavioural pattern is a process that takes place in groups -> a person's tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage/reject conventional behaviour
Term
Control Theory [Hirschi]
Definition
Conformity linked to 4 types of social control:
Attachment: Strong Social attachments encourage conformity
Opportunity: Access to legitimate opportunity produces conformity
Involvement: Time and energies linked to "legitimate" activities inhibit deviance
Belief: Strong belief in conventional morality and respect for authority inhibits deviance
Term
Scoail-Conflict Approach to deviance
Definition
Who or What is labelled Deviant depends on who holds power
Term
Deviance and Power
Definition
Norms or laws reflect interests of rich and powerful
Powerful have resources to resist deviant laels
Belief that norms and laws are natural and good masks political character
Term
Deviance and Capitalism
Definition
Deviant labels are applied to people who interfere with the operation of capitalism
Term
White-Collar Crime
Definition
Crimes committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations
Term
Corporate Crime
Definition
Illegal actions of a corporation of people acting on its behalf
Term
Organized Crime
Definition
A business supplying illegal goods or service
Term
Hate Crimes
Definition
A criminal act against a person or person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias
Term
Deviance and Gender
Definition
Stricter normative controls on women
Strain due to gender-based inequality
Men and women's behaviour judged differently
Term
Crime
Definition
Violation of criminal laws involving an act or criminal intent from wilful conduct to negligence
Term
Types of crime
Definition
Violent Crimes: Crimes against people
Property Crimes: Crimes against property
Victimless Crimes: Violations without readily apparent victims (eg drug laws)
Term
Breakdown of Street Crime
Definition
Age: Offical crime rates rise sharply during adolscence, peak in the late teens, and fall as people get older
Gender: Usually men as people tend to not assume to worst in women
Social Class: Rich and poor both commit crimes, but different types; street crime victimizes people of lower social position
Race and Ethnicity: Aboriginals and Blacks are arrested/imprisoned disproportionately
Term
Police
Definition
Primary point of contact between population and criminal justice system
Term
Consideration when arresting
Definition
Seriousness of crime
If suspect is uncooperative
If suspect has been arrested before
Whether there are bystanders present
Whether suspect s of a visible minority
Term
Punishment
Definition
Retribution
Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Societal Protection
Term
Retribution
Definition
Moral vengeance by which society makes offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
Term
Deterrence
Definition
The attempt to discourage criminality through punishment
Term
Specific deterrence
Definition
Demonstrates to an offender that crime does not pay
Term
General deterrence
Definition
The Punishment of one person serves as an example to others
Term
Rehabilitation
Definition
Reeducate
Term
Societal protection
Definition
Prison
Term
Coomunity-Based Corrections
Definition
Correctional Programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls
Term
Probation
Definition
Offender remains under supervision of an officer in the community
Term
Parole
Definition
Early release to serve remainder of sentence in the community
Term
Sentencing circles
Definition
For Aboriginal offenders, they may choose to submit to a sentencing circle - included accused, victim, families and other community members.
Term
Social Stratification
Definition
A a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
Term
Four Principles that Social Stratification is based on
Definition
1. Social Stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences
2. Social stratification carries over from generation to generation.
3. Social straification is universal but variable -> s.s is found everywhere, but what is unequal and how unequal varies from one society to another
4. Social stratification involves not just inequality but beliefs as well -> any system of inequality not only gives some people more than others but also defines these arrangements as fair.
Term
Dimensions of Social Stratification
Definition
Money
Power
Occupational prestige - major determinant of income, wealth, power and prestige
Schooling - determines opportunities
Term
Class System
Definition
Relatively open system
Based on both birth and individual achievement
Term
Caste System
Definition
Relatively closed
Class system based on birth
Allowing no social mobility based on individual effort
Very Orderly
Term
Meritocracy
Definition
Refers to social stratification based on personal merit -> merit (worth of praise) includes a person's knowledge, abilities, and effort.

[in caste societies], they define "merit" in terms of loyalty to the system -dutifully performing whatever job comes with a person's birth.
Term
Status consistency
Definition
The degree of consistency in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality

[Caste system] has limited social mobility and high status consitency

Greater mobility has lower consistency
Term
Ideology [Social Stratificatio]
Definition
Main reason that social hierarchies edure

Cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including inequality
e.g. the rich are smart and the poor are lazy
Term
Plato on Ideology
Definition
Every culture considers some type of inequality to be fair
Term
Marx
Definition
Ideas as well as resources are controlled by a society's elite
Term
Spencer
Definition
Society is like a "jungle" where the "fittest" people rise to wealth and power and "failures" sink to poverty
Term
Why does social stratification exist at all?
Definition
Consistent with the structural-functional approach
Term
Davis-Moore Thesis
Definition
-States that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of a society
- The greater the functional importance of a position, the more rewards a society attaches to it
- Basically, his idea was to place talented people with the right jobs and to motivate them to work harder
Term
Stratification and Conflict
Definition
Rather than benefiting society as a whole, social stratification benefits some people and disadvantages others
Term
Class Conflict [Karl Marx]
Definition
- Capitalist society reproduces class structure in each new generation
- He predicted oppression and misery would eventually drive the working majority to come together to overthrow capitalism
- Marx explaimed that capitalist society reproduces the class structure in each new generation
Term
4 Reasons why industrial workers have not overthrown capitalism [Ralf Dahrendorf]
Definition
1. The fragmentation of the capitalist class - instead of one single family owning large companies, there are many stockholders instead
2. A higher standard of living
3. More worker organization
4. Greater legal protections - safer workplaces, pensions employment insurance, disability protection and social security
Term
Counter points of Dahrendorf's theory of industrial workers not overthrowing capitalism
Definition
1. Wealth remains highly concentrated
2. White-collar work offers little to workers - remains monotonous and routine
3. Progress requires struggle
4. The law still favours the rich
Term
Max Weber's view on social stratification (social-conflict approach)
Definition
3 distinct dimensions of inequality:
1. Class posistions
2. Status/Social Prestige
3. Power
Term
Socioeconomic Status
Definition
Composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality
Term
Stratification and Interaction (Symbolic-Intereaction Approach)
Definition
- the way we dress, the car we drive etc. say something about our budgets
Term
Conspicuous consumption
Definition
Using products because of the "statements" they make about one's social position
Term
Canadian Stratification
Definition
Ancestry: most of the rich gained their position through inheritance
Race and Ethnicity: higher average incoms for Japanese British and French vs Chinese, Black and Aboriginal
Gender: Women earn less income, accumulate less wealth and have lower occupational prestige than men
Gender
Term
Social Classes in Canada
Definition
Upper Class
Middle Class
Working Class
Lower Class
Term
Upper Class
Definition
- derives much of its income from inherited wealth
- derives from stocks, bonds, real estate and other investment
Term
Upper-Upper Class
Definition
- have old money
- Women in upper upper class often maintain a full schedule of volunteer work for charitable organizations
Term
Lower-Uppers
Definition
- working rich - new rich
Term
Upper-Middles
Definition
- above average income
= lacking the power of the upper class to influence national or international events
- often plays an important role in local political affairs
Term
Average-Middles
Definition
Work in less prestigious white-collar occupations (e.g. bank tellers, middle managers, sales clerks) or in highly skilled blue-collar jobs
- Family income is sufficient to provide a secure standard of living
Term
Working Class
Definition
- 1/3 of the population
- Lower income than national average
- Fewer benefits
Term
Lower Class
Definition
- Lack of work and little income renders life unstable and insecure
[Working poor - full time job/ multiple part-time job cannot cover basic necessities]
Term
Difference Class Makes
Definition
Health - More likely to die from disease, neglect, accidents or violence during their first year of life if they're poor
Values and Attitudes - old money - manners and tasts; nouveau riche - engage in conspicuous consumption; greater education and financial security are more tolerant of controversial behaviour
Family and Gender - lower class family - bigger family because of earlier marriage and less career orientation
Term
Social Mobility in Canada
Definition
- Long-term trend has been upward
- Occupational inheritance occurs for men whose fathers are professional, white-collared, and farmers
- Class background still affects education
- Women's opportunity for upward mobility has been less than men's, but income gap is narrowing
Term
Relative poverty
Definition
Deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more
Term
Absolute poverty
Definition
Deprivation of resources that is life-threatening
Term
Who are the poor?
Definition
Age: Formally the elderly, now children
Education: People with higher levels of education are less likely to be unemployed and more likely to have higher incomes
Race and Ethnicity: Higher rates for visible minorities and Aboriginals
Term
Feminization of poverty
Definition
The trend by which women represent an increasing proportion of the poor e.g. female single parents
Term
Homelessness
Definition
One thing in common - poverty
Homeless because: Mental Illness, Drug use, Inability to cope with society
Increasing number of entire families
Low income housing is required
Term
Blame the Poor view of Explaining poverty
Definition
The poor are primarily responsible for their own poverty
Trapped in culture of poverty that fosters resignation to one's plight
Term
Blame Society [Explaining Poverty]
Definition
Society is primarily responsible for poverty
Society, but not individuals are responsible because of the way resources are distributed.
Lack of ambition is the consequence of their lack of opportunity rather than the cause
Term
Right Wing and Left Wing views on poverty
Definition
Left wing - people think society should redistribute income more evenly

Right wing - society should provide more opportunities
Term
Intragenerational social mobility
Definition
A change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime
Term
Intergenerational social mobility
Definition
Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents
Term
Old Terminology on Global Stratification
Definition
First World: high-income, industrial countries, liberal democracies
Second World: socialist countries
Third World: non-industrialized, low income countries
Term
New Terminology on Global Stratification
Definition
High-income countries: richest 50 nations
Middle-income: 80 nations
Low-income countries: 60 nations with lowest productivity and most severe poverty
Term
Human Development Index
Definition
A quality of life measure, includes per capita income, education and longevity
Term
Contemporary Slavery
Definition
Chattle Slavery
Child slavery
Debt bondage
Servile forms of marriage
Human Trafficking
Term
Chattel Slavery
Definition
One person owns another
Term
Child Slavery
Definition
Poor families leave children to the street to beg, to steal or do whatever they can to survive
Term
Debt bondage
Definition
Employers hold workers to pay for their debts because their wages are not enough to cover the food and housing provided by the employer
Term
Servile forms of marriage
Definition
Marriage against will; many end up as slaves working for their husband's family, some are forced into prostitution
Term
Explanations of Global Poverty
Definition
Technology: with limited energy sources, economic prodcution is modest

Population growth

Cultural patterns: poor societies are usually traditional, resisting change even when it promise a higher standard of living

Social stratification: Low income societies distribute their wealth very unequally

Gender inequality: Gender inequality in poor societies keeps women from holding jobs

Colonialism/Neo-colonialism: Process in which some nations enerich themselves through political and economic control of other nations [C], A new form of global power relationships that involve not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations [NC]
Term
Explanation of unequal distribution of the world's wealth and power
Definition
Modernization theory and Dependancy theory
Term
Modernization theory
Definition
A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations
Term
Four stages that Modernization occurs in [Rostow]
Definition
1. Traditional stage: Socialized to honour the past; Following well-worn paths that allow for little individual freedom or change

2. Takeoff stage: Uses their talents and imagionation, sparking economic growth ; greater individualism

3. Drive to technological maturity

4. High mas consumption: Economic development steadily raises living standards as mass production stimulates mass consumption
Term
Four important roles in global economic development played by the rich nations
Definition
Controlling population - exporting birth control technology

Increasing food production - exporting high-tech farming methods to poor nations to increase agricultural yields

Introducing industrial technology - rich nations can encourage economic growth in poor societies by introducing machinery and info tech, which raise productivity

Providing foreign aid - investment capital from rich nations can boost the prospects of poor societies trynig to reac Rostow's takeoff stage
Term
Dependency theory
Definition
A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
Term
The world economy thus makes poor nations dependent on rich ones, dependency involves three factors
Definition
1. Narrow, export-oriented economies - poor nations produce only a few crops for export to rich countries

2. Lack of industrial capacity - They count on rich nations to buy their inexpensive raw materials and try to buy from them whatever expensive manufactured goods they can afford

3. Foreign debt - unequal trade patterns have plunged poor countries into debt to the core nations
Term
Gender
Definition
The personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
Term
Gender stratification
Definition
The unequal distribution of wealth, power and priviledge between men and women
Term
Gender in The Israeli Kibbutz
Definition
Gender equality is one of its stated goal in Kibbutz
They are raised the same
Share the same everyday job
Evidence that culture defines what is feminine and what is masculine
Term
Mead's Research
Definition
-- culture is the key to gender differences --

New Guinea - men and women with similar attitudes and behaviour (NA's "feminine")
Mundugumor - both sexes are typically selfish and aggressive (NA's "masculine")
Tchambuli - female -> dominant and rational; males -> submissive, emoitional and nurturing toward children
Term
George Murdock's Research
Definition
Roles were assigned based on physical abilities, but beyond this pattern, he found much variety

Gender is too variable across cultures to be a smple expression of biology
Term
Patriarchy
Definition
A form of social organization in which males dominate females
Term
Matriarchy
Definition
A form of social organization in which female dominate males
Term
Sexism
Definition
Justification for patriarchy

The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other

Not just a matter of individual attitudes, but it is built into the institutions of society
Term
Institutional Sexism
Definition
Found throughout the economy
Women has low-paying jobs
Long excused violence against women
Term
Cosst of sexism
Definition
Limits talents and ambitions of women
Masculinity encourage men to engage in high-risk behaviours
Masculinity seek control over others and looses intimacy and trust
Term
Gender roles
Definition
attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex
Term
Gender Roles and Socialization
Definition
The Family - treat boys and girls differently (b: bounce up and down, g: caress and hug)
Peer Group - single-sex play group (competitive sports game reinforces masculine traits of aggression and control)
Schooling
Mass media - male held centre stage, advertisements reinforces gender roles (women selling cleaning products and men in ads for cars, travel,)
Term
Working women and Men [Gender and Social Stratification]
Definition
Women are moving into business, finance, sciences and meds
Women still dominate sales wok and service occupations
Men dominate most senior positions in trade
Term
Gender Occupation and Income [Gender and Social Stratification]
Definition
Women earned 71 cents for ever $1 men earn because:
kinds of jobs
Being out of the the labour force with children
Gatekeepers keep women out of certain jobs e.g. truckdrivers
Term
Women's "second shift"
Definition
Housework
Women work full-time and do most of the housework and child care
Term
Gender and Education
Definition
In the past, schooling was considered necessary for men, who worked outside the hom e

Women now earn more than half of under/post grad degrees
> Men lead in engineering and the hard sciences
> Women lead in the health professions, education, fine arts, natural sciences, humanities and social sciences
Term
Gender and Politics
Definition
Larest proportion of women politicians found at municpal level
Women underrepresented in provincial and federal politics
Women hold 22.1% of seats in Canadian Parliament
Term
Intersection theory
Definition
Studies interplay of race, class and gender resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage
Term
Sexual Harassment
Definition
Comments, gestures, or physical contact of sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome
Term
Pornography
Definition
Women focus on it as a power issue, another means of controlling women

Some women endorse the rights of free speech
Term
Structural-Functional Approach [Gender]
Definition
Parsons described gender in terms of two complementary patters of behaviour: masculine and feminine

Gender is helpful; gives men and women distinctive roles and responsibilities that help society operate smoothly

Gender builds social unity as men and women come together to form families
Term
Symbolic-Interaction Approach [Gender]
Definition
Focuses on face-to-face interaction in everyday life
Sex roles define the way a society expects women and men to think and behave
With less power, women are expected to be more deferential
Gender plays a part in shaping almost all of our everyday experiences
Term
Social-Conflict Analysis [Gender]
Definition
Friedrich Engels
Men gained power over women as the productive technology advanced
Private property contributed to male domination
They controlled the sexuality of women to identify male heirs
Capitalism makes male domination even stronger
Term
Feminism
Definition
Advocacy of social equality for men and women in opposition to patriarchy and sexism
Term
Basic Feminist Ideas
Definition
Working to increase equality
Expanding human choice
Eliminating gender stratification
Ending sexual violence
Promoting sexual freedom
Term
Types of Feminism
Definition
Liberal feminism
Socialist feminism
Radical feminism
Cultural Feminism
Postmodern Feminism
Term
Radical feminism
Definition
REvolution for an egalitarian, gender-free society
Term
Cultural feminism
Definition
Identifies "the suppression of distinctive or different female qualities, experiences and values as the primary cause of women's subordination"
Term
Postmodern feminism
Definition
Rejects other feminist thought
Term
Liberal Feminism
Definition
Seeks change only to ensure equality of opportunity
Term
Socialist Feminism
Definition
supports an end to social classes and to family gender roles that encourage domestic slavery
Term
Race
Definition
A socially constructed category of people sharing biologically transmitted traits considered important by society
Term
Ethnicity
Definition
A shared cultural heritage
Term
Ethnic Category
Definition
Based on common ancestry, language or religion that vies them a distinctive social identity
Term
Objective criteria
Definition
Ancestry, cultural practices, dress, religion and language
Term
Subjective criteria
Definition
Involve the internalization of a distinctive social identy
Term
Minorities
Definition
Any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates
Term
Prejudice
Definition
A regid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people
Term
Stereotype
Definition
A simplified description applied to every person in some category
Term
Racism
Definition
Belief in innate superiority/ inferiority of a particular race
Term
Scapegoat theory
Definition
Holds that prejudice springs from frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged
Term
Scapegoat
Definition
a person or category of people, typically with little power, whom people unfairly blame for their own troubles
Term
Authoritarian Personality Theory
Definition
Adorno and Colleagues
Considered extreme prejudice to be a personality trait of certain individuals
Sees society as naturally competitive and hierarchical with "better people" like themselves
People with little schooling and raised by cold and demanding parents tend to develop this personality
Term
Culture Theory (Socialization )
Definition
Extreme prejudice may be characteristic of certain people, but some prejudice is found in everyone because it is embedded in culture
Term
Conflict Theory
Definition
Views prejudice as the product of social conflict
Use prejudice to justify their oppression of minorities
Term
Discrimination
Definition
Unequal treatment of various categories of people
Matter of action
Term
Institutional prejudice and discrimination
Definition
Bias built into the operation of society's institutions including schools, hospitals, the police, and the workplace
Term
Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction
Definition
Pluralism
Assimilation
Segregation
Genocide/Annihilation
Term
Pluralism [Patterns of Interaction ]
Definition
A state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity
Term
Institutional Completeness
Definition
The complexity of community organizations that meet the needs of members
Term
Assimilation
Definition
The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of dominant culture, thereby becoming more similar to the dominant group
Term
Miscegenation
Definition
Biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories
Term
Segregation
Definition
Refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people
Term
Genocide
Definition
The systematic killing of one category of people by another
Term
Social Standing
Definition
Japanese Canadians highest proportion with university degrees
Chinese second with degrees but lower income than English and French
Blacks highest proportion employed
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