Term
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Definition
cleaves a-1,4 glycosidic bonds in starch & glycogen
forms maltose, maltotriose, a-limit dextrins |
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Term
what does lysosyme do?
what specifically does it target? |
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Definition
cleaves B-1,4 glycosidic bonds in bacterial cell wall
kills gram-postive bacteria (gram-neg are protected by outer cell wall) |
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Term
3 functions of hydrochloric acid?
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Definition
antibacterial
denature proteins
create right pH for pepsin |
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Term
3 problems with total gastrectomy
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Definition
1. mild digestive problems
2. incr risk of intestinal infections
3. VitB12 supplements needed |
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Term
what are the 3 serine proteases? where do they cleave?
where are they found? |
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Definition
trypsin: carboxy side of Lys & Arg
chymotrypsin: carboxy side of hydrophobic aa
elastase: carboxy side of small aa
they're in the pancreas |
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Term
what are the two carboxypeptidases?
what do they contain?
where are they synthesized? |
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Definition
carboxypeptidase A: cleaves off hydrophobic aa
carboxypeptidase B: cleaves of basic aa (lys, arg)
they contain zinc
they're made in the pancreas |
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Term
what does lipase cut up?
what two things are also required?
where is lipase synthesized? |
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Definition
digestion of fat (triglyceride)
also need Co-lipase - achors lipase to surface of fat droplets
bile salts - decrease droplet size
lipase is made in the pancreas |
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Term
what to phospholipases & nucleases cleave?
where are these synthesized? |
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Definition
phospholipids
nucleic acids
made in the pacreas |
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Term
| what can pancreatic failure cause? |
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Definition
steatorrhea (fatty poop stool)
generalized lipid malabsorption
deficiency in fat-soluble vitamins |
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Term
aminopeptidases
where found?
what digest? |
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Definition
found in the intestinal brush border
complete digestion of proteins |
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Term
endo- and carboxypeptidases digest what?
where found? |
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Definition
digest oligopeptides
found in the intestinal brush border |
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Term
sucrase - what cleave?
lactase - what cleave?
products?
where found? |
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Definition
sucrase - cleave sucrose to glucose + fructose
lactase - cleave lactose to glucose + galactose
found in the intestinal brush border |
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Term
glycoamylase - what does it do?
where is it found? |
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Definition
removes glucose from non-reducing end of starch
found in the intestinal brush border |
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Term
what does iso-maltase digest?
where is it found? |
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Definition
it cleaves a-1,6 bonds in isomaltose & a-limit dextrins
found in the intestinal brush border |
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Term
what does trehalase do?
where is it found? |
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Definition
cleaves trehelose
found in the intestinal brush border |
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Term
give examples of undigestable material
what happens to this stuff?
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Definition
plant cell walls, cellulose, lignin, pectin
fibre
fermented by colon bacteria
forms lactic, acetic, propionic acid & farts
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Term
3 causes of lactose intolerance
symptoms |
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Definition
1. congenital hypolactasia
2. pirmary hypolactasia - decreased lactose activity after weaning
3. secondary - after damage to intestinal mucosa
symptoms
undigested lactose -> farts, abdominal pain, diarrhea |
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Term
what are zymogens?
what are two proteases that are not made as zymogens?
what are they all activated by?
what activates that compound?
what's the safety mech in the pancreas? |
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Definition
they're precursors (inactive) proteases
glycosidase & lipase
Trypsin
which is activated by enteropeptidase
a small pancreatic peptide molecule that binds trypsin with high affinity |
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Term
what's the zymogen of pepsin?
how is it activated?
when does this happen?
what's the inhibitory mech? |
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Definition
it's derived from pepsinogen
an amino acid peptide is cleaved from the amino end
it can happen automatically in low pH
the cleaved peptide acts as an inhibitor at neutral pH |
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Term
how does acute pancreatitis occur?
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Definition
if the enzymes in the pancreas spill out into the abdominal cavity
start digesting everything including the pancreas itself (cuz of amylase & lipase) |
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Term
where do fatty acids, mono- & diacylglyderol go to?
what are they bound here?
what happens then?
where do they go from here? |
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Definition
they're absorbed into a enterocyte with the fat soluble vitamins
inside the enterocyte they're bound to Intestinal FA binding protein.
re-synthesis of triacylglycerol
packed into lipoproteins (chylomicrons) -> released to lymphatics |
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Term
where and how are chylomicrons made?
where does it travel?
what does it loose in the periphary? via what enzyme?
what do the remnants do? |
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Definition
made of dietary fat, phospholipid, cholesterol in the intestines
-> lymphatics -> bloodstream
LPL (lipoprotein lipase) on adipose tissue etc. cut out the FA's & monoacylglycerol
Chylomicron remnant back in blood to deliver cholesterol to liver
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Term
ethanol detox pathway?
where are the two enzymes located?
what's the metabolic gain from alcohol?
what's the drawback of it's products? |
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Definition
ethanol -> (alcohol dehydrogenase in cytosol) ethanal -> (aldehyde dehydrogenase in mitochondria) acetic acid
no metabolic gain, however ATP & NADPH, acetyl-CoA are produced
these inhibit glycolysis (PFK), B-oxidation, Krebs Cycle
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Term
in alcohol metabolism you get excess ATP, NADH & acetyl-CoA
what are the neg consequences to these products?
long term problems? |
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Definition
ATP inhibit glycolysis, krebs cycle
NADH inhibit gluconeogenesis -> result in acidosis, hypoglycemia
Acetyl-CoA is converted to triglycerides -> lead to lipidemia, fatty liver
long term:
hepatocytes get replaced by cirrhosis
mitochondrial damage |
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