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RIT 0514-445
Exam 1
110
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/24/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Psychophysics
Definition
The science of defining quantitative
relationships between physical and
psychological (subjective) events
Term
Inventor of psychophysics
Definition
Fechner
Term
Just Noticeable Difference/Difference Threshold
Definition
The smallest
detectable difference between two stimuli, or the
minimum change in a stimulus that can be correctly
judged as different from a reference stimulus
Term
Weber's Law
Definition
The smallest change in a stimulus
that can be detected is a constant proportion of the
stimulus level
Term
Fechner's Law
Definition
The magnitude of subjective
sensation increases proportionally to the logarithm of
the stimulus intensity
Term
Steven's Power Law
Definition
A principle describing the
relationship between stimulus magnitude and resulting
sensation magnitude, such that the magnitude of
subjective sensation is proportional to the stimulus
magnitude raised to an exponent
Term
Absolute Threshold
Definition
Minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a person to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
Term
Psychophysical Methods
Definition
Method of constant stimuli
Method of limits
Method of adjustment
Magnitude estimation
Cross-modality matching
Term
Method of Constant Stimuli
Definition
Many stimuli with different intensities. Find lowest detected. Random order, multiple times.
Term
Method of Limits
Definition
Stimuli in ordering of increasing or decreasing intensity. Not random.
Term
Staircase
Definition
Start with an easy stimulus, if correct, make it harder. If incorrect, make it easier.
Term
Method of Adjustment
Definition
Like the Method of Limits, but the subject controls the intensity.
Term
Magnitude Estimation
Definition
Listeners assign a number to their choice of perceived magnitude.
Term
Cross-modality Matching
Definition
Adjust a stimulus in one modality to match another.
Term
Signal Detection Theory
Definition
A psychophysical theory
that quantifies the response of an observer to the
presentation of a signal in the presence of noise
Term
Light
Definition
A stream of photons.
Term
Iris
Definition
Expands and contracts to regulate the
amount of light entering the eye through the pupil.
Term
Pupil
Definition
The dark circular opening at the center of the iris in the eye, where light enters the eye
Term
Sclera
Definition
The tough outer covering of the eye that
holds the rest of the structures in.
Term
Cornea
Definition
The transparent "window" into the eyeball.
Term
Aqueous Humor
Definition
The watery fluid in the anterior
chamber, supplies oxygen and nutrients to lens
and cornea
Term
Crystalline Lens
Definition
The lens inside the eye, which
enables changing focus.
Term
Ciliary Muscle
Definition
Controls the shape of the lens.
Term
Accomodation
Definition
When the lens changes shape.
Term
Vitreous Humor
Definition
The transparent fluid that fills
the vitreous chamber in the posterior part of the
eye
Term
Retina
Definition
A light-sensitive membrane in the back of
the eye that contains rods and cones, which
receive an image from the lens and send it to the
brain through the optic nerve
Term
Fundus
Definition
The back surface of the retina.
Term
Duplex Retinas
Definition
Contain both rods and cones.
Term
Bipolar Cells
Definition
Receive inputs from photoreceptors and passes information to ganglion cells.
Term
Diffuse Bipolar Cells
Definition
Receive input from multiple cones.
Term
Midget Bipolar Cells
Definition
Receive input from a single cone.
Term
Horizontal Cells
Definition
Gather light information from
several receptors and process this information via a
mechanism called lateral inhibition
Term
Amacrine Cells
Definition
Appear to integrate information from
groups of bipolar cells, and communicate these
computations to ganglion cells
Term
Ganglion Cells
Definition
Receive input from bipolar and amacrine
cells, process input, send messages to brain.
Term
P Ganglion Cells
Definition
Input from Midget Bipolar Cells, fine resolution & contrast
Term
M Ganglion Cells
Definition
Input from Diffuse Bipolar Cells, better for how light & how images change over time.
Term
Acuity
Definition
The smallest spatial detail that can be resolved.
Term
Magnocellular LGN Layer
Definition
Input from M Ganglion Cells. Responds to fast moving objects. 2 Layers.
Term
Parvocellular LGN Layer
Definition
Input from P Ganglion cells, process details of stationary objects. 4 Layers.
Term
Topographical
Definition
Ordered mapping of world to LGN
Term
Striate Cortex
Definition
Major visual transformation here. Has topographical mapping and information scaling.
Term
Cortical Magnification
Definition
Cortical representation of the fovea is greatly magnified compared to the cortical representation of the periphery.
Term
Eccentricity
Definition
Distance between retinal image and fovea.
Term
Stripes
Definition
Striate cortex responds to this pattern.
Term
Orientation tuning
Definition
Tendency of neurons in striate
cortex to respond optimally to certain orientations,
and less to others
Term
Ocular Dominance
Definition
Striate cortex neuron
demonstrate a preference for stimulus presented
to ONE eye
Term
Column
Definition
Vertical arrangement of neurons.
Term
Occular Dominance Columns
Definition
Neurons with the same eye preference are in the same column.
Term
Hypercolumn
Definition
A 1-mm block of striate cortex
containing “ all the machinery necessary to look after
everything the striate cortex is responsible for, in a
certain small part of the visual world”
Term
Middle Vision
Definition
A stage of visual processing that comes
after basic features have been extracted from the
image and before object recognition and scene
understanding
Term
High-level Visual Processes
Definition
Enable us to recognize
- Familiar objects
- Novel views of familiar objects
- Novel instances of familiar objects
Term
Illusory Contour
Definition
A
contour that is
perceived even
though nothing
changes from one
side of the contour
to the other in the
image
Term
Gestalt Psychology
Definition
“The whole is greater than the sum
of its parts."
Term
Gestalt Grouping Rules
Definition
A set of rules that describe
when elements in an image will appear to group together
Term
Good continuation
Definition
A Gestalt grouping rule
stating that two elements will tend to group
together if they lie on the same contour
Term
Texture Segmentation
Definition
Carving an image into regions
of common texture properties
Term
Similarity
Definition
Items that are similar will tend to group
together
Term
Proximity
Definition
Items that are close together will tend
to group together
Term
Parallelism
Definition
Parallel contours are likely to belong the same figure.
Term
Symmetry
Definition
Symmetrical regions are more likely to be seen as the same.
Term
Common Region
Definition
Two features will group if they appear to be part of the same larger region.
Term
Connectedness
Definition
Two items will tend to group if
they are connected
Term
Perceptual Committees
Definition
Perception results from the consensus that
emerges
Term
Pandemonium Model
Definition
Committee that "yells"
Term
Ambiguous Figure
Definition
A visual stimulus that gives rise to
two or more interpretations of its identity or structure
Term
Accidental Viewpoint
Definition
A viewing position that
produces some regularity in the visual image that
is not present in the world
Term
Figure-ground Assignment
Definition
The process of
determining that some regions of an image belong to
a foreground object (figure) and other regions are part
of the background (ground)
Term
Surroundedness
Definition
The surrounding region is likely
to be ground
Term
Size
Definition
Smaller region likely to be figure.
Term
Extremal Edges
Definition
If edges of an object are shaded
such that they seem to recede in the distance, they
tend to be seen as figure
Term
Relative Motion
Definition
If one region moves in front of
another, then the closer region is figure
Term
Relatability
Definition
The degree to which two line
segments appear to be part of the same contour
Term
Global Superiority Effect
Definition
The properties of the
whole object take precedence over the properties
of parts of the object
Term
Naive Template Theory
Definition
The proposal that the visual
system recognizes objects by matching the neural
representation of the image with a stored
representation of the same “shape” in the brain
Term
Structural Description
Definition
A description of an object in
terms of the nature of its constituent parts and the
relationships between those parts
Term
"Recognition by components" Model
Definition
Biederman’s
model of object recognition, which holds that objects
are recognized by the identities and relationships of
their component parts
Term
Geons
Definition
In Biederman’s model, the “geometric ions” out
of which objects are built
Term
Extrastriate Cortex
Definition
The region of cortex
bordering the primary visual cortex and containing
multiple areas involved in visual processing
Term
Inferotemporal Cortex
Definition
Part of the cerebral cortex in the
lower portion of the temporal lobe, important for object
recognition
Term
Binocular Disparity
Definition
The differences between 2 retinas.
Term
Stereopsis
Definition
Vivid perception of 3D world
Term
Monocular Depth Cue
Definition
A depth cue that is available
even when the world is viewed with one eye alone
Term
Occlusion
Definition
A cue to relative depth order in which one
object obstructs the view of part of another object
Term
Relative Size
Definition
A comparison of size between items
without knowing the absolute size of either one
Term
Relative Height
Definition
Below the horizon, objects higher in
the visual field appear to be farther away. Above the
horizon, objects lower in the visual field appear to be
farther away
Term
Texture Gradient
Definition
A depth cue based on the geometric
fact that items of the same size form smaller
images when they are farther away
Term
Familiar Size
Definition
A cue based on knowledge of the typical size of objects.
Term
Aerial Perspective
Definition
A depth cue based on the implicit
understanding that light is scattered by the
atmosphere
Term
Linear Perspective
Definition
Lines that are parallel in the threedimensional world will appear to converge in a twodimensional image as they extend into the distance
Term
Vanishing Point
Definition
The apparent point at which parallel
lines receding in depth converge
Term
Motion Parallax
Definition
Images closer to the observer appear
to move faster across the visual field than images
farther away
Term
Accomodation
Definition
The process by which the eye
changes its focus (in which the lens gets fatter as
gaze is directed toward nearer objects)
Term
Illusion
Definition
When a visual system guess is wrong
Term
Muller-Lyer Illusion
Definition
Lines with arrows illusion.
Term
Apparent Motion
Definition
The (illusory) impression of smooth
motion resulting from the rapid alternation of objects
appearing in different locations in rapid succession
Term
Aperture Problem
Definition
The fact that when a moving
object is viewed through an aperture (or a
receptive field), the direction of motion of a local
feature or part of the object may be ambiguous
Term
Correspondence Problem
Definition
The
problem faced by the motion detection system of
knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a
particular feature in frame 1
Term
Motion Aftereffect
Definition
The illusion of motion of a
stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure
to a moving object
Term
Interocular Tranfer
Definition
The transfer of an effect (such as
adaptation) from one eye to another
Term
Optic Flow
Definition
The changing angular position of
points in a perspective image that we experience
as we move through the world
Term
Focus of Expansion
Definition
The point in the center of the
horizon from which, when we are in motion, all points
in the perspective image seem to emanate
Term
Biological Motion
Definition
The pattern of movement of all animals
Term
Sensation
Definition
The way that sense organs pick up information.
Term
Perception
Definition
The interpretation of a sensation.
Term
Human Listening Demo
Definition
95% of people got this demo correct.
Term
Rodopsin
Definition
Pigment of rods.
Term
Center: 1/1
L1: 2/3, L2: 2/3, L3: 0/3
R1: 3/3, R2: 0/3, R3: 0/3

Mostly matched expectations. Not 100%
Definition
Foveal Acuity Demo Stats
Term
36
Definition
Number of geons you need to recognize something
Term
R: 14
L: 8
Change: 12

Saw image: 13/27 [helicopter]
Others saw storm troopers
Definition
Visual Illusions Demo
Term
Buddha weaker than waterfall: 18/23
Definition
After Effects Demo
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