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Pathology
Undergraduate 1
02/02/2013

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

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Term

This is the site of Protien

 

Definition
Ribosomes
Term
Protien is made here and Ribosomes live here
Definition
Endoplasmic reticulum
Term
This is where protien is packaged
Definition
Golgie apparatas
Term
Digestive waste and neutralizing 02 takes place here
Definition
Lysoome/Perioxisomes
Term
This holds the cell together to make its shape
Definition
Microfiliments
Term
This is lipid soluable so things can be absorded
Definition
cell membrane
Term
This is what stops things from getting in the cell
Definition
Semi perm membrain
Term
Molecules move randomly away from areas where they are most concentrated
Definition
Passive diffusion
Term

H20 follows?

K+ pumps out?

Definition

Na+

H20

Term
Water follows what so cell can be diluted?
Definition
Solute
Term
Molecules move across membrane with help
Definition
facilitated diffusion
Term
This is part of facilitated diffusion requires no chemical bond, it just pushed through membrane
Definition
Pinocytosis
Term
This is part of facilitated diffusion requires a chemical bond with a non lipid souble
Definition
carrier protien
Term
This type of transport requires enery and an increase in K+
Definition
active transport
Term
ATP is used to directly move a substance against the concentration
Definition
Primary- Active transport
Term
The energy created by Primary active transport is harnessed used to facilitate the transport of a second substance
Definition
Secondary- active transport
Term
3 ways to get into a cell
Definition

Diffusion/osmois

Facilitated difusion (Pinocytosis, carrier Protied)

Active Transport( Primary, Secondary)

Term
What are the 2 ways Seondary active transport works?
Definition

co transport= same direction

counter transport =opp direction

Term
What are the three types of Receptor Protiens
Definition

G-protien

Enzyme linked

Ion Channel Protien

Term
Activation creates a second messanger to turn on internal cellular system.... in and out of membrain 7 times to creat somekind of internal responce
Definition
G-protien linked
Term
Directly mediated cellular responce... Something hooks up with a receptor to single a responce
Definition
Enzyme-linked
Term
Rapid Synaptic singnaling..Need a fast change, special protien span with lipid membrain, protiens under go open channels
Definition
Ion channel linked
Term
You can go in and out of this as you please
Definition
Non-gated channnel
Term
Lingand opens to allow stuff to go in
Definition
Lingand gated channel
Term
Opening/ closing depends on an electrical single
Definition
Voltage gated channels
Term
this is the basis of Anarobic metabolism, it uses 2 ATP to create 4 ATP & Pyruvic acid
Definition
Glycolytic pathway
Term
This type of acid converts to lactiv acid during anaerobic metabolism if it hangs around to long=BAD....This is how Kreb cycle starts
Definition
Pyruic acid
Term
During the Kreb Cycle High energy bonds are formed in Citric acid cycle to convert what(Aerobic)
Definition
ADP-ATP
Term
Cell firing in a responce to a chemical change is known as?
Definition
Membrain Potential
Term
Why do Cells fire?
Definition
Change with Chemical, Electrical or Physical Activity
Term
Explain cell firing
Definition
  • (RESTING MEMBRAIN)
  • Begin with neg charge, Stim  causes na channels to open, Na diffuses in to make cell +
  • (THRESHOLD)
  • More na makes cell more+=Depolorazation
  • (ACTION POTENTIAL)
  • K+channels open, K+diffuse out, cell neg= repolarization
Term
This allows stressed cell to maintain fuction and survive
Definition

Atrophy-wasting away

Hypertrophy- cells enlarge

Hyperplasia- More cells

Dysplasia- Abnormal responce to instructions

Term
These are molecules with an unpaired electron, they are unstable, and inhibit action of ROS
Definition
Free radicals
Term
How Do you get rid of free readicals
Definition
Antioxidants- Chain reaction- d/t Oxidative stress
Term
How are Free readicals formed
Definition
Ishemia, Inflammation, Perfusion injury, Toxic agents, oxigen toxicity, Radiation
Term
What do Free radicals do?
Definition
Damage cells and cause mitrochondira break down
Term
What neutralizes free radicals
Definition
Antioxidants
Term

What causes Hypoxic cellular injury?

Aerobic Matabolism

Definition
  • Bad blood flow-no 02=0 ATP
  • NA/K pump cannot run fast enough
  • Cell swells d/t to much sodium
Term

What causes Hypoxic Injury

Anaerobic metabolism

Definition

Same time as aerobic

  • constant use of lactic acid builds up and this causes damage to cell
Term
Two Problems associated with Hypoxic Injury
Definition
Cell swells and Damamge cell
Term
What happens during Calcium Causade
Definition
  • too much calcium caused by ishemia/injury
  • acts as second messanger
  • turns on enzymes
  • atp depletion
  • opens gates allow too much calcium
Term
During this the cell membrain is comprimised and it causes cell death
Definition
Cellular Injury
Term
Cellular Injury....Shrunken Nucleous
Definition
Pyknotic
Term
Cellular Injury..Degration of nucleous
Definition
Kqrolysis
Term
Unregulated injury to cell that causes cell to swell and rupture and causes imflammation
Definition
Necrotic cell death
Term
Cell gets warn out, body kills cell cause it is old, causes no inflammation cell simply just dies
Definition
Programmed( Apoptosis)
Term
Apotosis can be Initiated by?
Definition

Normal weaning

Loss of single

Mitochodrial damage

Dna Damage

Term
DNA damage( P53) causes what 3 things
Definition

Fix cell back in line

fix cell in coma

begine aptosis

Term

How Does Stress and Adaption work

Begin angiotension/ aldosterone

Definition
  • Decrease B/V to kidneys
  • Kidneys relase Renine
  • Angiotension I- weak
  • AI hooks up with ACE in lungs
  • Angeo tension II- Strong
  • Adrenal cortex stimulated
  • Aldosterone released- causes kidnes to reaborb na & secrete k
  • Reabsorbed na = increase blood volume

 

Term
How does Sympathetic NS work
Definition
  • Pain/fear- decrease BP- Hypothalmus
  • SNS activated
  • SNS neurons activated
  • Norepinephrine activated in ADRENAL CORTEX
  • Epinephrine released... now HR, BP increase
  • BV constict
  • Cut off blood flow to gut to save cardiac life
Term
How does ADH work?
Definition
Causes Vasoconstiction....Pulls fluid back in core brains lungs heart
Term
What does Cortisol cause?
Definition
Catabolism... Stop production of immune cells
Term
This is a copy of a gene
Definition
MRNA
Term
How does processing MRNA work?
Definition

Remove some parts( Introns)

Keep some parts (exons)

Term
This carries Amino acids, it lines up by matching its anticodone to mrna's codon
Definition
Transfer RNA
Term
Two daughter cells are made that look just like the mother cell
Definition
mitosis
Term
Gamme formation...A chromosome divides into 2 daughter cells that then divide into 2 unique gamete with only one copy of each chromosomes
Definition
Meosis
Term
What happens during crossing over?
Definition
Meosis- Chromosomes line up.. they exchange ends... result 4 gametes each unique with different combinations of genes.
Term
A persons genetic material(i got)
Definition
Genotype
Term
Physical characteristics ( u see)
Definition
Phenotype
Term
Manner in which gene is exspressed in phenotype (mild - severe) (in me)
Definition
Expressivity
Term
Ability of the gene to exspress its function in a population
Definition
Penetrance
Term
This is exspressed in the phenotype
Definition
Dominant
Term
This is not exspressed but is passed on
Definition
Ressesive
Term
% of having single gene autonominal dom
Definition
50
Term
% of having single gene autonomal recessive
Definition
25%
Term
% of having sex linked disorder
Definition
50%
Term
Oncogenesis... What are 2 things that have to happen for cancer to happen?
Definition
  • Mutation of proto-oncogene(normal genes control cell division)
  • Mutation of tumor supressor gene( growth inhibitor regulator gene, repairs dna)
Term
Well differentiated cell that is localized and looks like normal tissue
Definition
Benign
Term
Undifferentiated cell that spreads and does not look like normal tissue
Definition
Malignant
Term
Characteristics of Neoplasma
Definition
  • Proliferate like crazy
  • do not mature normally or act like normal cells
  • do not die
  • extend tissue boundaries
Term
This is a way to be diagnoses- creates hormones, and coagulation factors
Definition
Paraneoplastics syndrome
Term
What are some toxcities of cancer?
Definition
  • Bone marrow supression
  • Gi tract
  • extravastation
  • carcingenesis
  • alopecia
  • hyperurcemia
Term
What is the chain of infection?
Definition

Reservoir

portal of exit

mode of transmission

portal of entry

suseptible victim

 

Term
Stages of infection
Definition

Incubation.. 1st found starts to reproduce no s/s

Prodomal.. first nonspecific s/s acky

Acute.. worst s/s

Convalscent.. start to feel better

Resolution.. all better

Term

Alter/ inactive cell process....

Start clotting fact/ activate inflammation

 

Definition

exotoxins

endotoxins

Term

What connects CHO to bacterial cell?

What connects viruses to cell?

Definition

Lectins

Hemagglutins

Term
How to ATB kill bacterial
Definition

Cell wall...Protien..nucleic acid synthesis

Bacterial metabolism

Term
These are first responders..Phagocytic.. release protease- cytokins
Definition
Neutrophiles... messengers that coordinate immune/ inflam responce
Term
These move are phagocytic..active adaptive immunity becomes APC... increase inflammation responce and activate healing
Definition
Macrophages
Term
APC- engulf invaders
Definition
Dendrite
Term
Undifferentiated lymp, cancer cells, automadically kill foreign cells
Definition
Natural killer cells
Term
All together now ....
Definition
APC tells immune system what to attack...Macrophages/ dendrite engulf invaders with non self marker, show non self to CD4(helper T), CD4 releases cytokines.. CD8  and B cells are now activated to kill invaders. B cells turn into plama cells that release antibodies that attach to atigen to destroy it.. the memory b cells continue to monitor
Term
Macrophages engulf antigen and then present to cd4 cell to activate b cells
Definition
Primary immune responce
Term
B memory cells respond to the antigen immediately no CD-4 effect... This happens over a couple of days and is a huge responce
Definition
Secondary immune responce
Term
The only way to increase the immune system
Definition
Nutrition/ rest
Term
Excessive reaction on Mast vell to something it has previously been exsposed to
Definition
Hyper sen I
Term
When mast cell degenerates what happens?
Definition
Histomine is released.. Hate... it constricst airways and clood flow
Term
What does Arachidonic acid create?
Definition

Prostoglandins (pain)

Leutriens (inflammation)

Term
Antibody mediated responce..Myasthenia gravis... Creates antibodies agains ACH on Muscle
Definition
Type II
Term
Antibody antigen complex..Inappropriate responce to immune system.. instead of breaking up they clump together and cause tissue dammage
Definition
Type III
Term
Delayed type cause by T cells
Definition
Type IV
Term
Bacterial endotoxins.. Inflammation mediators cause this
Definition
Septic shock
Term
Mastcell degeneration and vasodialation causes this
Definition
Anaphylatic shock
Term
Body goes crazy and their is a mad distribution of fluids
Definition
systemic inflam responce
Term
If you don't go into shock this happens.. Nurse must cause vasoconstriction and fluid resusciation
Definition
Progressive phase
Term
Shock causes?
Definition
Acute renal failure...Ards.. DIC
Term
warms shock.. bodies attempt to maintain BF tries to hold onto fluids increase HR and BP
Definition
compensary phase
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