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Respitatory System
A&P
46
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
04/21/2009

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Term
External respiration
Definition
gas exchange between blood and alveoli, o2 loading and co2 unloading
Term
What form of respiration involves o2 loading and Co2 unloading?
Definition
external respiration
Term
What form of respiration involves gas exchange between blood and tissue cells at systemic capillaries?
Definition
internal respiration
Term
partial pressure
Definition
pressure of one gas in a mixture
Term
put flowing in order from most pressure to least: alveolar po2,pulmonary veins PO2, atm po2
Definition
atm, alveolar, pulmonary
Term
Is CO2 or O2 more soluble in blood?
Definition
CO2
Term
What three ways are O2 and Co2 carried in the blood?
Definition
dissolved in plasma, chemically combined with hemoglobin, converted into different molecules
Term
In external respiration, how is O2 transported?
Definition
1.5% in blood plasma, 98.5% diffused into red blood cells and chemically combines with hemoglobin
Term
Every red blood cell is packed with _______ molecules.
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
What portion of hemoglobin binds with O2?
Definition
the heme molecule
Term
What does a hemoglobin molecule consist of?
Definition
globin part composed of 4 polypeptide chains, and 4 iron-containing pigments called heme groups
Term
In the lungs, O2 diffuses into the blood through the _______?
Definition
alveoli-capillary membrane
Term
In the lungs, O2 diffuses into the blood and binds with _______ in response to relatively high _____ in alveoli.
Definition
hemoglobin;PO2
Term
When ____ bind to hemoglobin, hemoglobin is %100 saturated.
Definition
4 O2
Term
In lungs PO2 is ______. (high or low)
Definition
high
Term
In body tissues PO2 is ____.(high or low)
Definition
low
Term
oxyhemoglobin is formed in the...
Definition
lungs
Term
deoxyhemoglobin is formed in the ...
Definition
tissues
Term
CO2 is produced by _____ ______ _____ ____.
Definition
cells though out the body
Term
What happens to CO2 during internal respiration?
Definition
co2 diffuses out of cell into systemic capillaries, some dissolves in plasma the rest(93%) diffuses into red blood cells
Term
What happens to CO2 after it diffuses into RBCs?
Definition
it chemically combines with hemoglobin converting it into bicarbonate ions (HCO3) and transported in plasma
Term
PCO2 levels in tissues are ___. (high or low)
Definition
high
Term
In tissues, if CO2 binds with globin part of hemoglobin, it forms ________.
Definition
carbaminohemoglobin
Term
In lungs level of PCO2 is _____. (high or low)
Definition
low
Term
What happens to carbaminohemoglobin in the lungs?
Definition
dissociates into hemoglobin and CO2 and diffuses into alveoli where it is exhaled.
Term
In the bicarbonate buffering system:In the tissues- CO2 combines with H2O to form ____.
Definition
carbonic acid
Term
what catalyzes carbonic acid?
Definition
carbonic anhydrase
Term
Carbonic acid dissociates into _____ and _________.
Definition
hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
Term
In the bicarbonate buffering system: H+ produced in tissues binds to ______ to form _______.
Definition
hemoglobin; HHb
Term
In the bicarbonate buffering system: In tissues and in lungs-HCO3 produced diffuses out of RBCs and ___ diffuses it.
Definition
Cl
Term
What role does HCO3 in the plasma play?
Definition
acts as buffer and plays an important role in blood pH control
Term
In the bicarbonate buffering system: What happens to CO2 in lungs?
Definition
it diffuses out of plasma and into alveoli, lowering blood PCO2
Term
In the bicarbonate buffering system: What happens to HHb in the lungs?
Definition
H+ releases from Hb and combines with HCO3, which then breaks down into CO2 and H2O
Term
The basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by ?
Definition
respiratory centers in brainstem-medulla and pons
Term
Rhythm of breathing is modified in response to input from ______ and _________.
Definition
chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
Term
Chemoreceptors (central or peripheral) respond especially to pH changes in CSF?
Definition
central
Term
Chemoreceptors (central or peripheral) are located on each side of the medulla oblongata?
Definition
central
Term
Chemoreceptors (central or peripheral) are located in carotid and aortic bodies?
Definition
peripheral
Term
Chemoreceptors (central or peripheral) respond to O2 and CO@ content and pH of the blood?
Definition
peripheral
Term
Baroreceptors in the respiratory system are found where?
Definition
in the smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles and visceral pleura
Term
What are the four things that control respiration?
Definition
the respiratory center in the brainstem, chemoreceptors, respiratory muscle and ventilation
Term
T or F: the blood brain barrier allows hydrogen to pass?
Definition
FALSE
Term
High levels of what, directly stimulate central chemoreceptors?
Definition
H+
Term
Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changes in pH caused by _____? and in response cause _______?
Definition
low PCO2; increased breathing rate and depth
Term
The most important factor in controlling the rate and depth of breathing it the level of ___?
Definition
CO2
Term
What action stimulates baroreceptors?
Definition
over-inflation of the lungs
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