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Respiratory
anatomy
70
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
07/15/2009

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Cards

Term
1. What is the major function of the respiratory system?
Definition
to supply blood with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
Term
2. What other system does the respiratory system work closely with?
Definition
cardiovascular system
Term
3. What structures does the upper respiratory system contain?
Definition
nose, pharynx, and associated structures
Term
4. What structures does the lower respiratory system contain?
Definition
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Term
5. What are the 3 functions of the nose?
Definition
1-provide airway 2-moistens, warms, and filters air 3-contains olfactory receptors
Term
6. What is the external nose composed of?
Definition
bone and hyaline cartilage
Term
7. What 2 bones form the roof of the nasal cavity?
Definition
ethmoid and sphenoid bones
Term
8. What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
Definition
the hard palate
Term
9. What divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides?
Definition
the nasal septum
Term
10. What is the nasal septum made of?
Definition
bone and hyaline cartilage
Term
11. What are the external openings of the nasal cavity?
Definition
nares (nostrils)
Term
12. What are the internal openings of the nasal cavity, and what do they open into?
Definition
choanae - they open the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx
Term
13. What are the 3 structures that protrude from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
Definition
superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
Term
14. What is the function of the nasal conchae?
Definition
they warm and filter the air
Term
15. What kind of tissue lines the nasal cavity close to the nares?
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
Term
16. What kind of tissue lines the rest of the nasal cavity?
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Term
17. What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?
Definition
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Term
18. What part of the pharynx is located posterior to the nasal cavity?
Definition
nasopharynx
Term
19. What part of the pharynx is located posterior to the oral cavity?
Definition
oropharynx
Term
20. What part of the pharynx is located posterior to the epiglottis and larynx?
Definition
laryngopharynx
Term
21. When Walter swallows his giant bite of chicken, what 2 things close off his nasopharynx?
Definition
soft palate and uvula
Term
22. The nasopharynx also contains the opening of what structure?
Definition
the auditory tube (eustachian tube/pharyngotympanic tube)
Term
23. What is the function of the auditory tube?
Definition
to equalize pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx
Term
24. What lymphatic structure is located in the back of the nasopharynx?
Definition
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
Term
25. What tissue lines the nasopharynx?
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Term
26. What is the name of the opening that connects the oropharynx to the oral cavity?
Definition
fauces
Term
27. What two lymphatic structures are located in the oropharynx near the fauces?
Definition
palatine tonsil and lingual tonsil
Term
28. What tissue lines the oropharynx?
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
Term
29. The laryngopharynx is continuous with what structure?
Definition
the esophagus
Term
30. What tissue lines the laryngopharynx?
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
Term
31. Where is the thyroid cartilage located?
Definition
in larynx - just superior to the thyroid gland
Term
32. What is the thyroid carilage composed of?
Definition
hyaline cartilage
Term
33. What is the function of the thyroid cartilage?
Definition
maintains an open passageway for air movement
Term
34. What is the name for the large projection on the thyroid cartilage?
Definition
Adam's apple (laryngeal prominence)
Term
35. Where is the cricoid cartilage located?
Definition
in larynx - inferior to the thyroid carilage
Term
36. What type of cartilage is the cricoid cartilage?
Definition
hyaline cartilage
Term
37. What is the function of the cricoid cartilage?
Definition
maintain an open airway
Term
38. Where is the epiglottis located?
Definition
most superior part of larynx
Term
39. What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?
Definition
elastic cartilage
Term
40. What is the function of the epiglottis?
Definition
it closes off the opening to the larynx when we swallow
Term
41. What are the mucous membranes that cover the superior ligaments in the larynx?
Definition
false vocal cords (folds)
Term
42. What are the mucous membranes that cover the inferior ligaments in the larynx?
Definition
true vocal cords (folds)
Term
43. What is the term for the true vocal cords and the space between them?
Definition
the glottis
Term
44. What is the inflammation of the mucosal epithelium of true vocal cords?
Definition
laryngitis
Term
45. What type of tissue lines the false and true vocal cords?
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
Term
46. What type of tissue lines the rest of the larynx?
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Term
47. What structure is known as the windpipe and is a tubular passageway for air anterior to the esophagus?
Definition
the trachea
Term
48. What structures are on the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea?
Definition
c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
Term
49. What structure covers the posterior part of the trachea?
Definition
the trachealis muscle
Term
50. What type of tissue lines the trachea?
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Term
51. Smoking can cause the epithelium in the trachea to change to what type of epithelium?
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
Term
52. What is the specific part of the trachea where it splits into right and left primary bronchi?
Definition
the Carina
Term
53. Which primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical so is most likely where objects (like marbles) get lodged?
Definition
the right primary bronchus
Term
54. Name all structures in order of size from the trachea to the alveoli.
Definition
trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveoli
Term
55. As bronchi get smaller, what decreases and what increases in the walls of the bronchi?
Definition
the amount of cartilage decreases and the amount of smooth muscle increases
Term
56. What is occuring in the bronchi and bronchioles during an asthma attack?
Definition
constraction of smooth muscle (constriction of the airway)
Term
57. Contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles will lead to a ____ in diameter, which _____ resistance to airflow and therefor ______ airflow.
Definition
decreases diameter / increases resistance / decreases airflow
Term
58. What is a medication commonly taken for asthma that promotes smooth muscle relaxation in the walls of terminal bronchioles?
Definition
albuterol
Term
59. What type of cells are thin squamous cells that make up 90% of the alveolar surface?
Definition
type I pneumocytes
Term
60. Most gas exchange between alveoli and blood is through what type of cells?
Definition
type I pneumocytes
Term
61. What type of cells are round/cube-shaped secretory cells that produce surfactant?
Definition
type II pneumocytes
Term
62. What type of tissue lines all bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles?
Definition
some type of ciliated epithelium (pseudostratified, columnar, or cuboidal)
Term
63. What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs?
Definition
alveoli
Term
64. What type of tissue lines the alveoli?
Definition
simple squamous epithelium
Term
65. What carries blood that needs to be oxygenated to the lungs?
Definition
pulmonary arteries
Term
66. What is exchanged between the alveoli and the capillaries that surround them?
Definition
oxygen and carbon dioxide
Term
67. What carries the newly oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart?
Definition
pulmonary veins
Term
68. What supplies oxygenated blood to the lung tissue?
Definition
the bronchial arteries (branch from the aorta)
Term
69. What returns deoxygenated blood from the lung tissue into the venous system?
Definition
bronchial veins and azygous vein
Term
70. What are the major muscles involved with respiration?
Definition
diaphragm, pectoralis minor, internal and external intercostals, and the abdominal muscles
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