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Respiratory Terms
VT BMES 5004
55
Physiology
Graduate
10/02/2008

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Term
Type II Alevolus Cells
Definition
Produce Pulmonary Surfactant
Term
Angeotensin Converting Enzyme
Definition
Found in the lung, converts Angeotensin I to II
Term
Angeotensin II
Definition
One of the most powerful vasoconstrictors known. Important for water balance.
Term
Conductive Zone
Definition
Part of lung composed of the airways down to the terminal bronchioles. No gas exchange occurs here (no alveoli)
Term
Transition/Respiratory Zone
Definition
Part of the lung from the terminal bronchioli to the alveoli. Gas exchange occurs here.
Term
Tidal Volume
Definition
Amount of air a person moves under normal conditions.
Term
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Definition
Amount of air moved with a maximal inspiration effort above a normal tidal volume.
Term
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Definition
Amount of air moved after a maximum exhalation effort beyond the normal tidal volume.
Term
Residual Volume
Definition
Amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation effort.
Term
Vital Capacity
Definition
= Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume
Term
Total Lung Capacity
Definition
= Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume
Term
Inspiratory Capacity
Definition
= Inspiratory Reserve Volme + Tidal Volume
Term
Functional Residual Capacity
Definition
= Expiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
Primary Muscle of Inspriation. Dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Increases vertical chest size during breathing by pushing abdominal contents down.
Term
External Intercostal Muscles
Definition
muscles connecting adjacent ribs. Elevate the ribs during inhalation increasing lateral chest cavity size.
Term
Internal Intercostal Muscles
Definition
Lower the ribs during forceful exhale.
Term
Compliance
Definition
Change in volume per change in pressure
Term
Hysteresis
Definition
Difference between inhalation and exhalation pressure/volume curves.
Term
Visceral Pleura
Definition
Membrane covering the outside of the lungs.
Term
Parietal Pleura
Definition
Membrane covering the inside of the lungs.
Term
Pulmonary Surfactant
Definition
Reduces the resistance of surface tension on breathing. Helps small alveoli stay open during an entire breathing cycle. Helps keep alveoli dry.
Term
Transpulmonary Pressure
Definition
Difference in pressure between the inside and outside of the lung. Equals alveolar pressure minus intrapleural pressure.
Term
Intrapleural Pressure
Definition
Pressure in the space between the visceral and parietal pleura. Slightly negative (below atmospheric) at rest due to lung elasticity.
Term
Alveolar Pressure
Definition
Pressure in the alveolar spaces. Equals atmospheric pressure at rest.
Term
Alveolar Ventilation
Definition
Amount of Fresh air introduced into the respiratory zone during unit time.
= (Tidal Volume - Deadspace Volume) * breathing frequency
Term
Pneumothorax
Definition
Air introduced into the intrapleural space causing the lung to collapse.
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition
Protein composed of four polypeptide chains with an iron molecule in the middle. Oxygen reversibly binds to the iron molecule. Each molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules.
Term
P50
Definition
Partial pressure of oxygen at which 50% of hemoglobin are saturated.
Term
O2 Capacity
Definition
Capacity of any given volume of blood to carry oxygen with relation to hemoglobin.
= [Hb] x 1.34 ml O2 / gm Hb
Term
O2 Content
Definition
Total amount of oxygen in the blood, both in hemoglobin and dissolved.
= ([Hb] * 1.34 ml O2/gm Hb) * % saturation + dissolved O2
Term
O2 Saturation
Definition
Amount of oxygen in combination with hemoglobin divided by the amount of oxygen hemoglobin can carry.
= O2 with Hb * 100 / O2 Capacity
Term
Anemia
Definition
Condition where one has a low concentration of hemoglobin.
Term
Henderson Hasselbach Equation
Definition
Relationship between Bicarbonate and PCO2 to pH.
= pK + log [HCO3- / (0.03 * PCO2)]
When the ratio is 20, blood pH is normal (7.4)
Term
Acidosis
Definition
Blood pH of less than 7.4 cause by PCO2 > 40 or HCO3 < 24
Term
Alkalosis
Definition
Blood pH > 7.4. Caused by PCO2 < 40 or HCO3 > 24.
Term
Emphysema
Definition
Loss of fibroelastic tissue in the lung - decrease in lung recoil. In order to exhale, forceful contraction is necessary, causing compression of airways, which, due to the loss of elastic tissue, causing airway collapse.
Term
Minute Volume
Definition
Total amount of air moved per unit time.
= Tidal Volume * Frequency of breathing
Term
Hypoxic Pulmonary Constriction
Definition
Vasoconstriction of areas in the lung with poor ventilation, redirecting the blood flow to areas better ventilated. Tries to match ventilation and perfusion.
Term
Physiological Dead Space
Definition
Anatomical Dead Space as well as areas of the lung where there is a poor V/Q ratio.
Term
Shunt
Definition
Anatomical arrangment where venous blood bypasses the lungs and dumps into the arterial system.
Term
Bronchial Circulation
Definition
Circulation that follows the airways providing nutrients for the lungs. Example of an anatomical shunt.
Term
Edema
Definition
When the amount of fluid entering the interstitium is greater than the lymph drainage.
Term
Stretch Receptors
Definition
Located in chest wall. During expansion of chest wall, at a certain point send messages to stop inspiration. Will also prompt inspiration during prolong periods of no breathing.
Term
J Receptors
Definition
Stimulated by pulmonary edema to promote coughing.
Term
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Definition
Located in the aortic and coartic bodies, respond to changes in PO2, pH and large changes in PCO2.
Term
Central Chemoreceptors
Definition
Located on the floor of the fourth ventricle. Bathed by cerebral spinal fluid and are behind the blood brain barrier. Respond to changes in pH, brought about by changes in CO2, in the CSF.
Term
Placenta
Definition
Primary organ of gas exchange for a fetus.
Term
Umbilical Vein
Definition
Carries the most oxygenated blood in a fetus.
Term
Chorionic Plate
Definition
Seperates maternal blood from fetal blood.
Term
Acute Respiratory Acidosis
Definition
[HCO3] tends to increase by 1.00 mM/L per 10 mmHg rise in PCO2
Term
Chronic Respiratory Acidosis
Definition
[HCO3] tends to increase by 3-4 mM/L for each 10mmHg rise in PCO2
Term
Acute Respiratory Alkalosis
Definition
[HCO3] tends to decrease by 2 mM/L for each 10mmHg reduction in PCO2
Term
Chronic Respiratory Alkalosis
Definition
[HCO3] tends to decrease by 4-5 mM/L for each 10mmHg reduction in PCO2
Term
Metabolic Acidosis
Definition
PCO2 tends to decrease 1.2 mmHg for each 1mM/L fall in [HCO3]
Term
Metabolic Alkalosis
Definition
PCO2 tends to increase 0.7 - 1.0 mmHg for each 1mM/L increase in [HCO3]
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