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Respiratory System
SUU-Pilliteri
53
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
08/02/2013

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Respiration
Definition
The obtaining and use of oxygen and removal of Carbon Dioxide
Term
3 mechanisms of Respiration
Definition

1. Ventilation 

2. External Respiration 

3. Internal respiration 

Term
Ventilation
Definition
Moving air in and out of the lungs
Term
External Respiration
Definition
Exchange of gasses between lungs and blood 
Term
Internal Respiration
Definition
Exchange of gasses between blood and tissues
Term
Order of Operation in the Lungs
Definition
Tertiary Bronchii, terminal bronchii, respiratory bronchiole, Alveoli
Term
Alveoli: Type I alveolar cell
Definition
Makes up wall of sacs
Term
Alveoli: Type II alveolar cells
Definition

Layer of fluid 

 

Secretes pulmonary Surfactant 

 

Decreases surface tension 

Term
Alveoli: Alveolar Macrophage
Definition
Gobbles up debri, bacteria, etc.
Term
Elastic Recoil
Definition

-Result of connective tissue and surface tension in the lungs 

 

-Surface tension limited by surfactant, it keeps the lungs open

Term
Lung Pleura
Definition

-sacs that each lung is contained in 

 

-Serous membrane 

Term
Lung Pleura:  Visceral Pleura
Definition
Innermost layer
Term
Lung Pleura: Parietal layer
Definition
outtermost layer
Term
Lung Pleura: Pleural cavity
Definition
space in between visceral and parietal pleura
Term
Lung Pleura: TWO functions
Definition

1st-- prevents friction 

 

2nd-- Ventilation:

Air movement is produced by differences in pressure 

Term

Different Pressures in the lungs 

(3 of them) 

Definition

-Atmospheric...Sea level 

-intra-alveolar 

-Intra-pleural...always less than IAP 

 

 

 

*These drive inspiration and expiration*

Term
Gas Exchange (2 concepts)
Definition

Partial Pressures

Diffusion Rates 

Term

Partial Pressure 

 

Definition

the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume

 

Ex: Nitrogen --> 79% of 760mmHg = Pn (Partial pressure of nitrogen) =600mmHg

 

Oxygen-->21% of 760mmHg =Po2=160mmHm 

 

CO2 is negotiable 

Term

Partial Pressure that exists in the lungs (alveoli)

Oxygen, CO2, and Nitrogen

Definition

Oxygen: 100mmHg

*air mixing causes it to be lower than 160mmHg, each breath in mixes with old air still in lungs

*Humidification causes the water pressure to rise so oxygen pressure is reduced

 

Carbon Dioxide: 40mmHg 

*constantly putting CO2 into the blood 

 

Nitrogen: Isn't exchanged at all

 

 

Term
Diffusion Rates
Definition
depend on partial pressure gradient
Term

Diffusion Rates:

Process of Exchange 

Definition
exchange gasses between lungs and blood, blood and tissues, and will depend on their gradients and how high the Partial pressure is in the lungs compared to the blood...which way gas will flow and how.
Term

Starting Atmospheric Pressures 

(oxygen, CO2) 

 

IN lungs... 

 

 

IN blood...

Definition

PO2---160 (HIGH)

PCO2---.03 (LOW)

 

In lungs: 

PO2---100 (High)

PCO2---40 (Low) 

 

In Blood: 

PO2---100 

PCO2---40 

lungs to heart, heart to tissues, tissues to lungs

 

Term

PO2 in the lungs 

 

What happens? 

Definition

PO2=100

 

deoxygenated blood goes to a partial pressure of 40.

 

Oxygen diffuses down the Partial Pressure gradient from lungs and into blood (100 to 40). 

 

*everytime blood comes back to lungs it will top off O2 tank to 100, till blood matches the lungs. 

Term
PCO2 in lungs
Definition

Works the same, but gradients are opposite 

 

P= 40 

P=46 (When blood arrives) 

*Stays at 40* 

Term
PCO2 in tissues
Definition

Partial pressure is higher because they produce CO2 

*Diffuses high to low* 

Term

Partial Pressure during exercise 

 

What will happen? 

Definition

PO2 will decrease 

-will diffuse FASTER

 

Venous Partial pressure will decrease 

 

PCO2 will increase. 

(Produces more CO2) 

 

**Opposite would occur if lower than normal metabolism**

Term

Lungs During Exercise 

 

Definition

Effects VENOUS not Arterial 

 

If change in tissues it WON'T effect venous 

Term
Gas Transport (Definition)
Definition
Moving gas through blood
Term
Gas Transport: Oxygen
Definition

Ability to carry large volumes of O2 is dependant on Hemoglobin (Hb) 

 

Air-->plasma-->Hb

 

*plasma can't hold a lot, forces it onto the Hb*

Term
Hb Binds....?
Definition

-CO2

-Carbon Monoxide 

-Hydrogen Ions 

 

 

 

**How much O2 Hb will hold depends on the P**

Term
O2-Hb Dissociation Curve
Definition

Amount of oxygen bound to Hemoglobin is dependant on the Partial pressure of Oxygen in plasma 

 

*increased..more forced on, decreased..more dissociated*

 

Term

O2-Hb Dissociation Curve: 

Percent Saturation 

 

Definition
Measurement amount of oxygen bound
Term

O2-Hb Dissociation Curve: 

 Saturation Percentages 

Definition

-Hb is at 100% saturated, at pressure that exist in the LUNGS. (104mmHg....97.5% saturated) 

 

-(at capillaries) PO2=40mmHg

-->Hb saturation drops to 75%(venous blood).. to allow Hemoglobin to go to the tissues. 

Term

Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference (AVO2 DIFF) 

 

Definition

How much oxygen your tissues are consuming overall. 

 

The AVO2 difference is 25% here. 

 

Term

Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference (AVO2 DIFF) 

IF TISSUES ARE HIGHLY METABOLIC? 

Definition

AVO2 difference will increase 

 

**Took more out at the tissues**

Term

Factors that effect Binding of Oxygen to Hemoglobin (2)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

**these factors increase dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin, primarily @ tissues**

Definition

1) Bohr Effect 

2) Temperature 

Term

BOHR effect

 

definition?

 

What happens? 

Definition

- effects of CO2 and Ph on the bond between Hb and CO2

 

--CO2 and hydrogen ions compete with oxygen for binding spots on Hb.

 
--This makes it so that O2 dissociates 

 

--An equillibrium exists between CO2 and ph. 

Term
Acid-Base Balance Equation
Definition

CO2 (+) H2O<-- -->H2CO3<-- -->HCO3-(+) H 

                                carbonic acid   bicarbonate

 

if right to left...it creates H20 and CO2 

 

if left to right.. it rids of CO2 and increases H levels. 

 

 *Both increase*

 

an increase in CO2 or H+ (Decrease in Ph) will increase the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin, this helps get the O2 to the tissue

Term

Factors that effect Binding of Oxygen to Hemoglobin

TEMPERATURE 

Definition

As temperature increases it increases dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin, goes to a warm tissue. 

 

As temperature decreases, it decreases dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin. 

Term

CARBON  DIOXIDE 

3 means of transport in the blood 

Definition

1. Dissolved in plasma 10% 

 

2. carbaminohemoglobin 30% 

(how much is bound to Hb) 

 

3. Bicarbonate ions. 

(acid-base balance equation) 

-H+ are also picked up (buffered) by Hb. 

Term
RESPIRATORY CONTROL
Definition

respiratory muscles are Voluntary muscles that receive Involuntary control. with voluntary override. 

 

PHRENIC NERVE = Voluntary override 

 

 

Term

CONTROLLING VARIABLES OF RESPIRATORY CONTROL  (3) 

 

 

Definition

Most important: 1) CO2. 

an increase in CO2 increases the rate and depth of breathing.  (involved in acid base balance) 

 

2) Hydrgoen Ions 

an increase in H+ increases the rate and depth of breathing 

 

3) Oxygen 

PO2 must fall below 60mmHg before breathing is stimulated. 

 

Term

Surface tension in the lungs is limited by which of the following?


The pleural sacs around the lungs 

The air pressure in the alveoli

The removal of carbon Dioxide 

Surfactant 

The elastic recoil of the lungs 

Definition
Surfactant
Term

How is most carbon dioxide carried through the blood?


Attatched to Hemoglobin

In the form of Bicarbonate Ions 

Dissolved in the Plasma 

Bound to hydrogen Ions

In bubbles 


Definition
In the form of Bicarbonate Ions
Term

At rest, our Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference is normally about . . .


75% 

5%

10% 

50%

25% 

Definition
25%
Term

During exercise, the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the tissues (muscles) will .

 

No Change 

 

Increase

 

Decrease 

Definition
Decrease
Term

During exercise, the Venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) will . . .


Increase 

Decrease 

No change 

Definition
Increase
Term

As the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood decreases . . .


More Oxygen binds to hemoglobin 

The blood becomes more acidic 

none of these are correct 

more oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin 

More carbon dioxide dissociates from hemoglobin 

Definition
more oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin 
Term

What is the most controlling variable regulating breathing?

 

Carbon Dioxide Levels 

RBC count 

Hemoglobin Levels 

Ph Levels 

Oxygen Levels 

Definition
carbon dioxide Levels
Term

During expiration, the pressure in the alveoli (intra-alveolar pressure) will be __________ the pressure in the atmosphere.



Greater than 

Less than 

Equal to 

the same as 

Definition
Greater than
Term

When you exercise, your Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference will . . .


decrease 

increase

no change 


Definition
Increase
Term

Which of the following will decrease the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin?


an increase in hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the blood

an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide

 a decrease in pH

a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen

an increase in blood volume

Definition
an  increase in hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the blood
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