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Respiratory System
Respiratory System
28
Pathology
Graduate
01/31/2011

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Where are the Central Chemoreceptors located?

Where are the Peripheral chemoreceptors located?

Definition

Central=Medulla

Peripheral=Carotid and Aortic Arch

Term
What do Central Chemoreceptors respond to?
Definition
Slight elevations in pCO2 or a descrease in CSF pH
Term
Peripheral Chemoreceptors respond to?
Definition
Decreased O2 levels in arterial blood as well as low pH
Term
What are Respiratory Dz Signs and Systems?
Definition

Sneezing-reflex response to irritation in the upper tract

Coughing-irritation caused by nasal discharge dripping into oropharynx or from lower respiratory tract or from inhaled irritants

Sputum-THY PR

Thick muscus-asthma or CF

Hemoptysis-blood tinged frothy sputum usually associated w/pulmonary edema

Yellow-green-often bacterial

Purlent-pus w foul odor-bronchiectasis

Rusty or dark-pneumonia

Term
What breathing patterns should we look out for if we suspect Respiratory Disease?
Definition

Kussmaul-deep rapid breaths following acidosis or strenuous exercise

Wheezing-whistling sounds indicating obsruction in small airways

Stridor-high bubbly or crackling sounds associated w pulmonary edema

Term
What are some breathing sounds associated with Respiratory Disase?
Definition

Rales-light bubbly or crackling sounds associated serous secretions

Rhonchi-deeper and harsher sounds resulting from thick mucus

Term
What is dyspnea?
Definition

Subjective feeling of discomfort  when pt is unable to inhale enough air.  Dysmia on Exertion (DOE).  SOB.  If severe, flaring of nostrils, use of accessory respiratory muscles, retraction (pulling in) of themuscles between the ribs.  Orthopnea is dyspnea while lying down

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is a sudden acute dyspnea occuring in patients wiht CHF

Term
What is cynanosis?
Definition
Bluish coloring of the skin and mucus membranes due to unoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood
Term
Clubbing of the fingers or toes is caused by??
Definition
results from chronic hypoxia associated with respiratory or CV disease
Term
Changes in ABG's can lead to?
Definition

Hypoxemia-common condition caused by pulmonary disease or injury.  Caused by respiratory alterations or CV compromise.  Can lead to hypoxia

Hypoxia-decrease of 02 to body tissues.  Its caused by an alteration of other systems may not be related to changes in the pulmonary system

Term

What are Hypoxemia Signs and Symptoms?

 

Definition

80-100=normal

60-80=mod tachycardia, possible onset of respiratory distress, DOE

50-60 malaise, lightheaded, nausea, vertigo, impaired judgement, incoordination, restlessness, marked confusion,

35-50 marked confusion, cardiac dysrhythmias, labored respiration

25-35 cardiac arrest, decrased renal blood flow, decreased urine output, lactic acidosis, lethargy, LOC

Term
Pulse oxymetry is used to treat Hypoxemia?  Why can't pulse oxymetry be used if they have anemia?
Definition
It will read correctly but they have RBC's.  Thus the ones they have are working but they don't have normal amount thus oxymetry wont be accruate
Term
What is hypercapnea?
Definition
build up of CO2 in blood.  paCO2 is greater than 45 mmHg.  Cause can be anything that alters lung function
Term
URI's:  SIC (Sinusitis, Influenza, Cold)
Definition

Sinusitis:  Ususally a bacteria infection secondary to a cold or allergy.  As exudate accumulates, pressure builds up inside the sinus cavity, causing severe pain.  Pain may be associated with HA or toothache.  May have nasal congestion, fever, sore throat

Influenza-viral infection that may affect upper and lower tracts.  There are three groups of flu that mutate constantly.  Differs from cold because with the flu, because:

Sudden acute onset w fever

Aching pains

Marked fatigue, may lead to bacterial pneumonia, may lead to death

Cold-caused by a viral infection of the URI.  The most common pathogen is rhinovirus, Spread through respiratory droplets.  Signs and Symptoms:  Nasal congestion, copious watery discharge.  May be sore throat, HA, fever, malaise

Term
Lower RTI:  bronchiolitis, pneumonia, tb, cf
Definition

Bronchiolitis:  caused by respiratory syncytial virus, common in 2-12 mo olds, transmitted by oral droplet and occurs in winter months.  Family hx of asthma and smoking play a factor.  Signs include wheezing, dyspnea, cough, rales, chest retractions, fever, and malaise

Pneumonia:  caused by bacteria, virus, fungus, mycoplasma infection, inhalation of toxic chemicals or aspiration.  it is the leading cause of death in the US.  Older people, infants, bedridden or ppl w altered mental states are more susceptible

Term

What is bronchiolitis?

What is Pneumonia?

Definition

Bronchiolitis:  caused by respiratory syncytial virus, common in 2-12 mo olds, transmitted by oral droplet and occurs in winter months.  Family hx of asthma and smoking play a factor.  Signs include wheezing, dyspnea, cough, rales, chest retractions, fever, and malaise

Pneumonia:  caused by bacteria, virus, fungus, mycoplasma infection, inhalation of toxic chemicals or aspiration.  it is the leading cause of death in the US.  Older people, infants, bedridden or ppl w altered mental states are more susceptible

Term
What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
Definition
It depends on the type but may include:  suddden sharp pleural pain aggravated by motion, hacking cough, dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis, HA, Fever, Chills (bacteria), generalized aches and myalgia, generalized aches and myalgia that may extend to the thighs and calves (viral), fatigue
Term
Tell me about TB..
Definition
declined but now its coming back due to AIDS, can live on a table for weeks, pathogenesis_primary infection leads to hypersensitivity of T cells.  Secondary infection is reactiviation.  S and S:  fatigue, anorexia, malaise, night sweats, cough, chest pain
Term
What is CF?
Definition
Most comon inherited dz in whites.  disorder involves blocking of the CI channel, this keeps CI, na AND h20 INSIDE, that affects the hepatic, reproductive, respiratory and digestive system
Term
What is Cor Pulmonale?
Definition

Lung pathology that leads to pulmonary HTN, leading to RSHF.  Examples: Bronchitis and Emphysema

Bronchitis:  hypoventilatoin due to mucus in the bronchi.  Not much air coming in or out.  Reflex vasoconstriction--increases resistance to bloodflow thereby increasing R sided pressure

Emphysema--loss of lung parenchyma and lung capillaries--increases resistance to blood flow, right sided pressure.  at the end stage emphysema--go into cor pulmonale

Term
What are CF S and S?
Definition
persistent coughing, wheezing, recurrent pneumonia, big appetitie poor weight gain, salty sweat, foul smelling poop, barrel chest, use of accessory mm's, cyanosis, clubbing, right sided heart failure due to pulmonary HTN
Term
Tell me about Lung neoplasms
Definition

leading neoplasm for death.  Incidence is high

Etiology:  sudden mentation change and htis leads to lunc CA discovery.  Types:  Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, bronchoalveolar neoplasms, carcinoid neoplasm

Term
What are the early symptoms of Lung CA?
Definition

Hemoptysis-coughing up blood from the respiratory tract

Dyspnea

Wheezing

Seizures

recurrent pneumonia

Sudden unexplained weight loss

Term
What are the two types of Asthma?
Definition

1.  Extrinsic:  breath in particle----allergen response----igE lands on on a mast cell in the bronchial tree---bronchoconstriction, the patient will say that they cant get air in but the problem is they cant get air out

2.  Intrinsic:  sucks in cooler air which causes bronchoconstriction and mucus production.  Example exercise induced asthma

Term
Asthma Signs and Symptoms:
Definition
Cough w/o Sputum production usually 5-10 minutes after exercise begins, skin retraction, abnormal fatigue, tickle in the back of the throat, neck, wheezing, nostril flaring
Term
What are the stages of Asthma
Definition

Mild:  symptoms reverse w cessation of activity

Moderate: audible wheezing, use of accessory mm's leaning forward to catch breath

Severe:  Blue lips/fingernails, tachypnea depsite cessation of activity, cyanotic induced seizures, skin and rib retraction

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