Term
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Definition
Non-cavitated, structured interstitial
Mets more common than primary tumors
Various sizes, middle to peripheral aspect of lung |
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Term
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Definition
Non-cavitated, structured interstitial
Distributed through lung
Nodules all same size
Tracheal lymphadenopathy frequently seen |
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Term
|
Definition
Non-cavitated, structured interstitial
Solitary, usually in periphery, can be cavitated if communicates with a bronchus |
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Term
|
Definition
Cavitated, structured interstitial pattern
Focal
Thick, irregularly margined wall |
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Term
|
Definition
Cavitated, structured interstitial
Well-defined, central lucency |
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Term
|
Definition
Cavitated structured interstitial pattern
Spherical radiolucent pattern
Smooth, thin walls
Traumatic, congenital, infectious causes
Rupture leads to pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum |
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Term
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Definition
Unstructured interstitial/alveolar
Interstitial Fibrosis
Older animals |
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Term
| Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema |
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Definition
Unstructured interstitial, alveolar if severe
secondary to L HF
Hilar and perihilar regions
Most common cause of pulmonary edema
Looks like anything in a cat |
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Term
| Non-cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema |
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Definition
Unstructured interstitial, alveolar
Neurologic, allergic rxn, drowning, radiation damage, etc
Generalized, often peripheral distribution
Heart and veins usually WNL |
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Term
|
Definition
Unstructured interstitial, alveolar
Film made during expiration, prolonged recumbancy, internal blockage, external compression, pneumothorax, pleural effusion |
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Term
| Pulmonary Hemorrahge/Contusion |
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Definition
Unstructured interstitial/alveolar
Trauma - rib fractures, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, diaphragmatic hernia
Coagulopathy |
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Term
|
Definition
Unstructured Interstitial/Alveolar
Focal or multi-focal distribution
Bronchial (usually lobar)
Hematogenous (patchy, multi-focal) |
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Term
|
Definition
Unstructured Interstitial/Alveolar
Inhaling regurgitated or vomited materials
Megaesophagus - R middle lobe
Cranial lobes - passive aspiration
Caudal lobes - forceful aspiration |
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Term
|
Definition
Unstructured interstitial/alveolar
Blockage of pulmonary artery
Radiographs fairly insensitive |
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Term
|
Definition
Unstructured interstitial/alveolar
Deep chested dogs
Lung lobe twists on axis
Pleural effusion - venous supply obstructed with arterials continue
R middle lobe most commonly affected
Consolidated lobe, sometimes multiple gas bubbles within |
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Term
|
Definition
Bronchial
Feline asthma
Severe - interstitial edema
Chronic - interstitial fibrosis |
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Term
|
Definition
Bronchial
Dogs - tracheobronchitis
Cats - URI
Bronchial changes not seen unless complicated by secondary bacterial infection |
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Term
|
Definition
Bronchial
Loss of normal bronchial tapering - expanded
Changes in epithelium, mucus characteristics, ciliary function
Predisposes for chronic bacterial infections
Accumulated exudate = interstitial/alveolar pattern |
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Term
|
Definition
Hyperlucent Lungs (too black)
Pulmonary vessels very small
lack of vascular markings
Microcardia |
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Term
|
Definition
Pulmonary mineralization
Cushing's, hyper-PT |
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Term
| Acute Respiratory Acidosis |
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Definition
Low pH
High PaCO2
High HCO3
N/C BE |
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Term
| Acute Respiratory Acidosis |
|
Definition
Low pH
High PaCO2
High HCO3
N/C BE |
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Term
| Chronic Respiratory Acidosis |
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Definition
Low pH
High PaCO2
High HCO3
High BE |
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Term
| Acute Respiratory Alkalosis |
|
Definition
High pH
Low PaCo2
Low HCO3
N/C BE |
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Term
| Chronic Respiratory Alkalosis |
|
Definition
High pH
Low PaCO2
Low HCO3
Low BE |
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Term
|
Definition
Low pH
Normal PaCO2
Low HCO3
Low BE |
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Term
| Chronic Metabolic Acidosis |
|
Definition
Low pH
Low PaCO2
Low HCO3
Low BE |
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Term
| Acute Metabolic Alkalosis |
|
Definition
High pH
Normal PaCO2
High HCO3
High BE |
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Term
| Chronic Metabolic Alkalosis |
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Definition
High pH
High PaCO2
HIgh HCO3
High BE |
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Term
| Anatomic Geometry of Nasopharynx |
|
Definition
Small functional V, moderate SA in turbinates (=high SA/V ratio)
Auxillary air flow (obstruction not life-threatening)
Inflammation important in turbinates
Damage predisposes to lower resp dx |
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Term
|
Definition
Developmental - brachycephaly, stenotic nares
Inflammation - viral, bacterial, bot flies, fungal, immune-mediated, secondary extension (dental)
Space Occupying - neoplasms, polyps, granulomas/abscesses |
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Term
| Consequences of Nasopharynx Dz |
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Definition
| Loss of filtration and air modification --> increased particulates, decreased temp of air, decreased humidity --> lower resp dz |
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Term
|
Definition
Protect lower resp during deglutition
High SA/V ratio - easily obstructed, life-threatening
Focal lesions important
Air conduction, filtration, clearance |
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Term
|
Definition
Developmental - elongated soft palate, hypoplasia of epiglottis
Laryngeal Hemiplegia (Eq) - L recurrent laryngeal n.
Inflammation (laryngitis) - viral, bacterial, trauma
Neoplasms - rare
Rabies, White muscle dz - m. paralysis, failure to close during deglutition |
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Term
| Properties of Trachea and Bronchi |
|
Definition
Air conduction, filtration, clearance (mucociliary escalator)
SA/V ratio low
Obstructive dz potentially serious depending on size of pt
Decreased clearance most important - predispose to lower resp dz |
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Term
| Diseases of Trachea and Bronchi |
|
Definition
Developmental - collapsed trachea
Inflammation - exudate obstructs airway - viral, parasites
Immune-mediated (asthma)
Bronchiectasis - decreased filtration, dilatation of bronchi --> accumulation of particles
Ciliary dyskinesis - decreased clearance |
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Term
| Properties of Bronchioles |
|
Definition
Air conduction - V dependent
Clearance - SA dependent
Small individual V, very large total V
Rapid decrease in velocity --> deposition of particles, common site of impact
Focal insult not important
SA/V very high, easily obstructed |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most important process in bronchioles - exudate accumulates --> inhibits airflow and clearance, spreads to alveoli (pneumonia), chronic inflammation leads to mucus secretion and obstruction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation - viral, bacterial, parasites, fungi, immune-mediated (asthma, COPD), toxins. Leads to bronchiolitis. |
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Term
|
Definition
Gas exchange
Total SA and V very large - toxic substances, byproducts absorbed well
Focal not important
Inflammatory dz |
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Term
|
Definition
Bronchopneumonia - aerogenous, anterior/ventral pattern
Interstitial - vascular portal, hilar to diffuse
Atelectasis
Emphysema
Edema
Hemorrhage, embolism, infarction, masses |
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