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Respiratory Lecture 2
Respiratory Lecture
62
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/15/2011

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Term
Pulmonary circulation is high perfusion (high perfusion ensures that plenty of blood is available in the lungs for gas exchange. The lungs receive as much blood in one minute as the rest of the body! But because there are so many pulmonary capillaries, blood velocity through them is slow enough to allow efficient gas exchange (diffusion).
Definition
know for test
Term
Pulmonary circulation is high perfusion, low pressure. The right ventricle of the heart pumps with less force than the left ventricle. Low pulmonary pressure results in less fluid loss from pulmonary capillaries to the interstitial space; keeps respiratory membrane thin - ideal for diffusion.
Definition
know for test
Term
During ventricular systole, average pulmonary pressure is only 25mmhg -- compare to average systemic systolic pressure of 125mmHg. Pulmonary pressure is almost 5 times higher than systemic pressure.
Definition
know for test
Term
Ventilation-perfusion coupling sends more blood to the better airated portions of the lungs and less blood to the less airated portions of the lung.
Definition
know for test
Term
What are three influences on bronchiole diameter.
Definition
1) During exercise, sympathetic stimulation causes bronchodilation reducing resistance to airflow, 2)Drugs (hormones) - epenephrine 3)The bronchioles dilate in response to increased airway CO2, reducing resistance to airflow.
Term
Pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container
Definition
Boyle's Law
Term
________ is a mixture of gases and has a total pressure.
Definition
Air
Term
_________, Also called intrapulmonary pressure, is the air pressure inside alveoli.
Definition
Aveolar pressure
Term
During _______ ___________ (breathing) air flows between the atmosphere and the alveoli.
Definition
Pulmonary Ventilation
Term
The ability of lung tissue to stretch (during inhalation).
Definition
Lung compliance
Term
The ability of the lung tissue to recoil (during exhalation).
Definition
Lung elasticity
Term
Healthy lung tissue has both _______________ and _____________.
Definition
high compliance and high elasticity
Term
Emphysema destroys lung elasticity. Recoil is reduced, and the lung tissue retains too much air after exhalation. Air retention means that alveolar air is not fully exchanged with atmospheric air.
Definition
know for test
Term
The term "barrel chest" refers to a person with what disease?
Definition
emphysema
Term
Coats surface of alveolar.
Definition
Surfactant
Term
Pressure in the pleural cavity.
Definition
intrapleural pressure
Term
What happens if pressure around lungs is not less than air pressure inside lungs?
Definition
lungs collapse if intrapleural pressure exceeds alveolar pressure.
Term
2 events that increase intrapleural pressure to abnormally high values.
Definition
Pneumothorax, Hemothorax
Term
__________ is blood in pleural cavity.
Definition
Hemothorax
Term
______ is air in pleural cavity.
Definition
Pneumothorax
Term
__________ __________ is the opposition to airflow. Resistance increases the work of breathing.
Definition
Airway resistance
Term
a deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level
Definition
hypoxia
Term
above-normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Definition
hypercapnia
Term
normal quiet breathing
Definition
eupnea
Term
deep, abdominal breathing
Definition
diaphragmatic breathing
Term
hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction to divert pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated to well-ventilated regions of the lungs
Definition
ventilation–perfusion coupling
Term
absence of breathing
Definition
apnea
Term
rapid and deep breathing
Definition
hyperventilation
Term
What factor increases the work of breathing?
Definition
Resistence
Term
the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded
Definition
compliance
Term
hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction to divert pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated to well-ventilated regions of the lungs
Definition
ventilation–perfusion coupling
Term
shallow, chest breathing
Definition
costal breathing
Term
relates to the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases whereby each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present
Definition
Dalton's law
Term
Large increases in resistance occur in abnormal situation such as: ___________, ___________
Definition
1) accumulation of mucus during infection 2) Histamine release during asthma attach or severe allergic reaction.
Term
_________ _________ is the opposition to airflow.
Definition
Airway resistance
Term
Is inhalation active or passive?
Definition
active
Term
When is exhalation active?
Definition
during forced exhalation
Term
when is exhalation passive?
Definition
quiet exhalation
Term
Wh
Definition
Term
do the pleurae draw out when inhaling?
Definition
Because they are trying to separate.
Term
What causes the movement of O2 and CO2 in opposite directions?
Definition
Occurs by independent diffusion of each gas.
Term
What are the 3 sites of exchange for O2 and CO2?
Definition
1)between atmosphere and aveolar air during ventilation. 2)between alveolar air and blood in pulmonary capillaries. 3)between the blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells.
Term
What is the pressure of a gas in a mixture called?
Definition
It's called the partial pressure of that gas. Partial pressure is denoted by the letter 'P'. The higher the concentration of a gas in the mixture, the greater the partial pressure of the gas.
Term
The concentration of any gas is (directly) or (indirectly) related to the pressure of that gas.
Definition
Directly
Term
Gases diffuse (up or down) their partial pressure gradients?
Definition
down
Term
Describe the opposite movements of O2 and CO2 result in gas exchange.
Definition
Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the peripheral tissue and back. Carbon dioxide moves from the peripheral tissue to the alveoli and back. Both in decreasing amounts.
Term
What are the factors that affect gas exchange.
Definition
1)partial pressure differences 2)surface area (i.e., emphysema destroys alveolar walls decreasing gas exchange) 3)diffusion distances (normally respiratory membrane is very thin but with pulmonary edema the wall is thickened increasing diffusion distances and decreases gas exchange) 4)molecular weigth and solubility of the gases.
Term
Which gas is heavier, CO2 or O2?
Definition
CO2, as a result CO2 diffuses 20X more rapidly than O2 across the respiratory membrane.
Term
Which is gas is more soluble, CO2 or O2?
Definition
CO2 is more soluble.
Term
Does Hypoxia (increases or decreases) the tissue O2 levels?
Definition
decreases
Term
Does Hypercapnia (increase or decrease) tissue CO2 levels?
Definition
increases
Term
In what pulmonary disease does the destruction of alveoli reduce surface area for gas exchange?
Definition
Emphysema
Term
In what pulmonary disease does flid in interstitial space increase diffusion distance. Arterial PCO2 may be normal due to higher CO2 solubility in water for gas exchange?
Definition
Pulmonary edema
Term
What pulmonary disease increases airway resistance decreasing airway ventilation?
Definition
Asthma
Term
Ventilation is controlled by:
Definition
1)Somatic motor neurons stimulating muscles of breathing 2)These neurons are controled by the CNS
Term
Describe ventilation neurons that are controlled by the CNS.
Definition
1)respiratory neurons in the medualla oblongata control inhalation and exhalation (respond to many influences but particularly to CO2 levels, act like pacemaker sending impulses to the skeletal muscles of respiration 2)neurons in the PONS modulate ventilation (sending inhibitory signals to the medualla, preventing overinflation of lungs )3)chemoreceptors-detect gas levels
Term
What is the most important chemical affecting ventilation?
Definition
CO2 in causes the respiratory neurons to increase rate and depth of breathing.
Term
What does CO2 in the CSF cause?
Definition
Causes the respiratory neurons to increase rate and depth of breathing.
Term
A person cannot breath on own without the medulla oblongata. True or False
Definition
True
Term
What does the PONS do for ventilation?
Definition
Sends inhibitory signals to the medulla, preventing overinflation of lungs.
Term
Central chemoreceptors in CNS detect gas levels in the _________ ________.
Definition
cerebrospinal fluid
Term
Peripheral chemoreceptors in CNS detect levels in ____________, & __________
Definition
blood of aorta, common carotids
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