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Respiratory/Circulation 2
Respiratory/Circulation 2
41
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
03/04/2014

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Term
Ventilation
Definition
The process of moving gases in and out of the lungs
Term
Perfusion
Definition
The ability of the cardio system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Term
Diffusion
Definition
The exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries
Term
Problems that affect ventilation
Definition
COPD, Asthma, Infectious diseases like Pneumonia, RSV, pertussis
Term
Problems that affect Perfusion
Definition
Heart problems. Heart failure, valve problems, Dysrhythmias, atrial fib
Term
Problems that affect Diffusion
Definition
Hematology problems like anemia or sickle cell anemia, where a lack of hemoglobin affects the transport of oxygen
Term
Hypoventilation
Definition
Lack of ventilation at alveolar level causing hypoxia and increased carbon dioxide levels (causes respiratory acidosis)
Term
Hyperventilation
Definition
Carbon dioxide is removed faster than it is made, which can cause respiratory alkalosis
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
Inadequate oxygen at cell level.
Term
Early signs of hypoxia
Definition
Irritability, restlessness, apprehension, dizziness, decreased level of consciousness, unable to lie flat and appears fatigued or agitated.
Term
What happens to heart rate and respiration rates during hypoxia?
Definition
They increase.
Term
Late signs of hypoxia
Definition
Central cyanosis, Respiratory decreases due to muscle fatigue
Term
What are disturbances in conduction caused by
Definition
Caused by electrical impulses that do not orginate from the SA node (dysrhythmias)
Term
Altered Cardiac Output
Definition
Insufficient volume is ejected into the systemic and pulmonary circulation--the result of left-sided or right sided heart failure
Term
Impaired Valvular function
Definition
Acquired or congenital disorder of a cardiac valve by stenosis or regurgitation
Term
Myocardial ischemia
Definition
Coronary artery flow to the myocardium insufficient. Results in angina, MI, and acute coronary syndrome
Term
What happens when a patient's hypoxia is severe?
Definition
Cardiac arrest results
Term
What is cardiac arrest?
Definition
Sudden cessation of cardiac output and circulation. Patient becomes unresponsive with no carotid pulse
Term
What is the first sign of respiratory problem in older adults?
Definition
Changes of mental status including forgetfulness and irritabilty
Term
Inspection of Respiration/Circulation
Definition
Skin and mucous membranes, LOC, breathing patterns, chest wall movement
Term
Palpation
Definition
Chest, feet, legs, pulses
Term
Percussion of respiration/cardiovascular
Definition
Presence of abnormal fluid or air, diaphragmatic excursion
Term
Auscultation of respiration/Cardiovascular
Definition
Normal/Abnormal heart and lung sounds
Term
Abnormal findings requiring immediate follow up
Definition
02 less than 90, RR greater than 20, labored breathing, accessory muscle use, Diaphoretic, cool, pale, cyanotic, increased dyspnea, mental status change, increased crackles and wheezing, pain like sitting on chest that radiates to arm or jaw
Term
Diagnostic blood tests
Definition
CBC, cardiac enzymes, serum electrolytes, cholestrol
Term
Diagnostic Imaging
Definition
Chest x-ray, cardiac catheterization
Term
Noninvasive diagnostic tests
Definition
TB skin test, holter monitor, ECG, Thallium stress test, EPS, PFT
Term
Dyspnea management
Definition
Hydration, coughing and deep-breathing techniques
Term
Airway Maintenance
Definition
Humidification, chest physiotherapy
(postural drainage)
Term
Mobilization of pulmonary secretions
Definition
Nebulization, chest physiotherapy
(postural drainage)
Term
artificial Oral Airway
Definition
prevents obstruction of the trachea by displacement of the tongue into the oropharynx
Term
Endotracheal and tracheal airways
Definition
Short term use to ventilate, relieve upper airway obstruction, protect against aspiration, clear secretions
Term
Tracheostomy
Definition
Long-term assistance, surgical incision made into the trachea
Term
Maintenance and promotion of lung expansion
Definition
Ambulation, positioning, incentive spirometry, noninvasive ventilation
Term
What does positioning do
Definition
Reduces pulmonary stasis, maintains ventilation and oxygenation
Term
Incentive Spirometry
Definition
Encourages voluntary deep breathing
Term
Noninvasive Ventilation
Definition
Maintains positive airway pressure and improves alveolar ventilation
Term
Pursed Lip breathing
Definition
Deep inspiration and prolonged expiration. Effective in increasing 02 sat, especially in patients with COPD
Term
What are adventitious sounds?
Definition
Crackles and wheezing
Term
Crackles
Definition
In base of lungs
Term
Wheezing
Definition
In upper lungs
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