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Respiration
everything
26
Veterinary Medicine
Graduate
07/22/2015

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Term
3 types of respiration
Definition
external: breathing and exchange of blood gases with atmosphere
internal: distribution/carriage of the gases O2 and CO2 in the body
cellular: oxidative metabolism
(Glucose + O2 → CO2 + H2O)
Term
External respiration
Definition
from mouth to terminal bronchioles.
Term
Internal respiration
Definition
Alveolar ducts and sacs.
Term
Pneumothorax
Definition
Puncture of the pleura breaks seal and lungs recoil - collapse
air gets into thorax (pluera, mediastinum, etc)
Term
Atmospheric Pressure
Definition
760 mmHg
Term
Partial Pressure of O2
Definition
21% * 760 mmHg = 160 mmHg
Term
Tension
Definition
the pressure required above the surface to prevent more dissolution or evaporation.
Amount of gas in solution.
Term
ppO2 at locations in the body
Definition
Atmospheric: 160 mmHg
Alveolar air: 100 mmHg
Venous Blood: 40 mmHg
Term
ppCO2 at location in the body
Definition
Atmospheric: 0.3 mmHg
Alveolar air: 40 mmHg
Venous Blood: 47 mmHg
Term
Things that lower 02 uptake
Definition
lowering barometric pressure (increase altitude)
or
breathing a lower proportion of O2 (eg a high N2 mixture)

will lower the pressure head and reduce maximum possible O2 uptake by tissue.
Term
Reason for internal ppO2 drop
Definition
water vapour in air is 47 mmHg
760mmHg - 47 mmHg = 713*21% = 149mmHg

continues to drop as 02 gets draw out into blood and CO2 gets draw out of blood
Term
Haemoglobin dissociation curve
Definition
flat/loading portion
steep/dissociation portion
Term
Pulmonary O2 uptake
Definition
pO2 in the blood can be up to 100mmHg
in healthy animal can reach 100mmHg in .25s
Blood is generally over the alveoli for .75s
Term
Anaemic Hypoxia
Definition
lack of blood to the body due to anaemia
low haemoglobin leads to low O2 content in the blood. pressure still reaches 100mmHg still
with normal PaO2
no carotid receptor response
Term
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Definition
lack of blood to the body due to lack of air
Increased lung barrier thickness or airway occlusion or low atmospheric pO2
leads to low ppO2 and low 02 content
with Low PaO2
strong carotid receptor response
Term
Oxygen Debt
Definition
When exercise begins demand if 02 is higher than can be provided, so I debt is created, that eventually evens out. When exercise is ceased the debt is repaid
Term
Aerobic Respiration
Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
Term
Aerobic Respiration
Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
Term
Rate of TCA Cycle
Definition
Citrate synthase: ATP is allosteric inhibitor – increases KM for acetyl CoA
Isocitrate dehydrogenase: Inhibited by NADH (displaces NAD+)and ATP. Activated by NAD+ (enhances affinity for substrates) and ADP.
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: Inhibited by succinyl CoA, NADH (products of the reaction it catalyses) and ATP (high energy charge).
Term
Glycolysis Important Intermediates
Definition
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Term
OxPhos
Definition
oxidation of reduced nucleotides reduces O2 and H2O and pumps protons out
within mitochondria
Electron Transport Chain
Term
Electron Transport Chain
Definition
Complex I
Complex II
Ubiquinone
Complex III
Cytochrome C
Complex IV
Term
Metabolic Diseases
Definition
Diabetes mellitus: endocrine/carbohydrate/lipid
Bovine ketosis: demands on energy supply
Equine hyperlipidemia: demands on energy supply
Term
Bovine Ketosis
predisposing factors
Definition
High yielding dairy cows at peak lactation
Milk production priority over physiological processes
Feed intake insufficient
Term
Bovine Ketosis
Definition
Glucose used for energy & for lactose sysnthesis, leads to low blood glucose.
Adipose tissue mobilised leading to increased fatty acid
Fatty acid to LIVER, releases ketones (b-OH butyrate)
Ketones in blood leads to ketoacidosis.
Lower production & loss of body condition
Term
Equine hyperlipidaemia
Definition
Disease of ponies rather than thoroughbreds
Fat ponies in late pregnancy
negative energy balance

excess release of Fatty Acids from adipose
excess formation of Triglycerides in liver
increase in blood TG
excess very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) released
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