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Research Methods (Part 1)
List of Terms from Research Methods, Design, and Analysis (11th edition)
112
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/09/2012

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Term
Intuition
Definition
no reason, no inference, like psychics
Term
Authority
Definition
accept info from highly respected sources
Term
Rationalism
Definition
valid knowledge comes from correct reasoning
Term
Empiricism
Definition
facts that concur with experience are accepted
Term
Science
Definition
produced reliable and valid knowledge systematically
Term
Induction
Definition
reasoning that goes from general to specific (think: in)
Term
Deduction
Definition
reasoning that goes from specific to general
Term
Hypothesis Testing
Definition
formulate hypothesis, and then compare it with the facts
Term
Logical Positivism
Definition
says statements are only meaningful when verifiable by observation
Term
Falsificationism
Definition
state bold hypotheses, attempt to falsify
Term
Duhem-Quine Principle
Definition
hypothesis cannot be tested in isolation from other assumptions
Term
Naturalism
Definition
science should justify its practices according to how well they work rather than according to philosophical arguments
Term
Empirical Adequacy
Definition
present when theories and hypotheses closely fit empirical evidence
Term
Normal Science
Definition
the period in which scientific activity is governed and directed by a single paradigm
Term
Paradigm
Definition
framework of thoughts and beliefs by which reality is interpreted
Term
Revolutionary Science
Definition
A period in which scientific activity is characterized by the replacement of one paradigm with another
Term
Research Program
Definition
Lakatos's term for a paradigm. It includes a set of "hard-core" beliefs and an outer "protective belt" of additional beliefs
Term
Determinism
Definition
the belief that mental processes and behaviors are fully caused by prior natural factors
Term
Probabilistic Causes
Definition
A weaker form of determinism that indicates regularities that usually but not always occur
Term
Reality in Nature
Definition
Assumption that things we sense are real
Term
Discoverability
Definition
The assumption that it is possible to discover regularities in nature
Term
John Locke
Definition
claimed people are born tabula rasa
Term
tabula rasa
Definition
individuals' minds are blank slates or tablets upon which nature writes
Term
Karl Popper
Definition
he advocated falsificationism
Term
control
Definition
elimination of the influence of extraneous variables
Term
placebo
Definition
improvement due to participants' expectations for improvement rather than the actual treatment
Term
operationalism
Definition
representing constructs by a specific set of operations
Term
operational definition
Definition
defining a concept by the operations used to represent or measure it
Term
replication
Definition
the reproduction of the results of a study in a new study
Term
meta-analysis
Definition
a quantitative technique for describing the relationship between variables across multiple research studies
Term
theory
Definition
an explanation of how and why something operates
Term
logic of discovery
Definition
the inductive or discovery part of the scientific process
Term
logic of justification
Definition
the deductive or theory-testing part of the scientific process
Term
objectivity
Definition
goal in science to minimize opinion or bias in the conduct of research
Term
pseudoscience
Definition
set of beliefs or practices that are not scientific but claim to be scientific
Term
descriptive research
Definition
research that attempts to describe some event, phenomenon, or situation
Term
experimental research
Definition
the research approach in which one attempts to demonstrate cause and effect relationships by manipulating the independent variable
Term
quantitative research
Definition
a research study that is based on numerical data
Term
qualitative research
Definition
a research study based on nonnumerical data
Term
numerical data
Definition
data consisting of numbers
Term
nonnumerical data
Definition
data that consists of words, pictures, statements, clothing, written records or documents, or a description of situations and behavior
Term
variable
Definition
a characteristic or phenomenon that can vary across or within organisms, situations, or environments
Term
constant
Definition
something that cannot vary
Term
categorical variable
Definition
variable that varies by type or kind
Term
quantitative variable
Definition
variable that varies by degree or amount
Term
independent variable
Definition
variable that is presumed to cause changes in another variable
Term
dependent variable
Definition
variable that is presumed to be influenced by one or more independent variables
Term
mediating variable
Definition
variable that operates in between two other variables
Term
moderating variable
Definition
a variable that specifies how a relationship of interest changes under different conditions or circumstances
Term
extraneous variable
Definition
a variable that can compete with the independent variable in explaining an outcome
Term
causation
Definition
a term who meaning is debated by philosophers
Term
cause
Definition
the factor that makes something else exist or change
Term
effect
Definition
the difference between what would have happened and what did happen when a treatment is administered
Term
manipulation
Definition
active intervention by researcher that is expected to produce changes in the dependent variable
Term
random assignment
Definition
best way to construct equivalent groups
Term
confounding variable
Definition
an extraneous variable that if not controlled for will eliminate the researcher's ability to claim that the IV causes changes in the DV
Term
causal description
Definition
description of the consequences of manipulating an independent variable
Term
causal explanation
Definition
explaining the mechanisms through which a causal relationship operates
Term
field experiment
Definition
an experimental research study that is conducted in a real-life setting
Term
lab experiment
Definition
an experimental research study that is conducted in the controlled environment of a laboratory
Term
nonexperimental quantitative research
Definition
type of quantitative research in which the independent variable is not manipulated by the researcher
Term
correlational study
Definition
nonexperimental research study based on describing relationships among variables and making predictions
Term
third variable problem
Definition
occurs when observed relationship between two variables is actually due to a confounding extraneous variable
Term
path analysis
Definition
type of research in which a researcher hypothesizes a theoretical causal model and then empirically tests the model
Term
direct effect
Definition
an effect of one variable directly on another variable; depicted as a single arrow in a path model
Term
indirect effect
Definition
an effect occurring through a mediating variable
Term
natural manipulation research
Definition
type of research in which the independent variable approximates a naturally occurring manipulation, but it is not manipulated by the researcher
Term
cross‐sectional study
Definition
study conducted at a single time period, and data are collected from multiple groups; data are collected during a single, brief, time period
Term
longitudinal study
Definition
data are collected at two or more points in time
Term
cohort sequential design
Definition
design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal elements by following two or more age groups over time
Term
triangulation
Definition
use of multiple data sources, research
Term
tests
Definition
standardized or researcher-constructed date collection instruments designed to measure personality, achievement, and performance
Term
questionaires
Definition
self-report data collection instrument completed by research participants
Term
interviews
Definition
data collection method in which an interviewer asks the interviewee a series of questions, often with prompting for additional information
Term
focus groups
Definition
collection of data in a group situation where a moderator leads a discussion with a small group of people
Term
observation (naturalistic,laboratory)
Definition
researcher watches and records events or behavioral patterns of people
Term
time interval sampling
Definition
observations are recorded during preselected time intervals
Term
event sampling
Definition
observations are recorded every time a particular event occurs
Term
hypothesis
Definition
the best prediction or a tentative solution to a problem
Term
research hypothesis
Definition
the predicted relationship among the variables being investigated
Term
null hypothesis
Definition
a statement of no relationship among the variables being investigated
Term
PsycINFO
Definition
Database with subject coverage of psychology, mental health, and biomedicine
Term
research ethics
Definition
a set of guidelines to assist the researcher in conducting ethical research
Term
research misconduct
Definition
fabricating, falsifying, or plagiarizing the proposing, performing, reviewing, or reporting of research results
Term
ethical dilemma
Definition
the investigator's conflict in weighing the potential cost to the participant against the potential gain to be accrued from the research project
Term
IRB
Definition
Institutional Review Board. Exists at all institutions that receive federal funds for research, reviews ethics of research proposals
Term
beneficience
Definition
doing good
Term
nonmaleficence
Definition
doing no harm
Term
informed consent
Definition
informing the research participants of all aspects of the study that might influence his or her willingness to volunteer to participate
Term
assent
Definition
agreement from a minor to participate in research after receiving an age-appropriate explanation of the study
Term
active consent
Definition
verbally agreeing and signing a form consenting to participate in research
Term
passive consent
Definition
consent is received from a parent or guarding by not returning the consent form
Term
active deception
Definition
deliberately misleading research participants by giving them false information
Term
passive deception
Definition
withholding information from the research participants by not giving them all the details of the experiment
Term
debriefing
Definition
a postexperimental discussion or interview about the details of the study, including an explanation for the use of any deception
Term
dehoaxing
Definition
debriefing the participants about any deception that was used in the experiment
Term
desensitizing
Definition
eliminating any undesirable influence that the experiment might have had on the participant
Term
anonymity
Definition
keeping the identity of the research participant unknown
Term
privacy
Definition
having control of others' access to information about you
Term
confidentiality
Definition
not revealing information obtained from a research participant to anyone outside the research group
Term
plagiarism
Definition
using work produced by someone else and calling it one's own
Term
IACUC
Definition
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. organization at all institutions conducting animal research that guarantees animal welfare
Term
animal welfare
Definition
improving the laboratory conditions in which animals live and reducing the number of animals used in research
Term
animal rights
Definition
the belief that animals have rights similar to humans and should not be used in research
Term
APA
Definition
format providing structure of report
Term
APS
Definition
Association for Psychological Science
Term
Abstract
Definition
one paragraph summary
Term
Introduction
Definition
gives rationale for the investigation, explains its relationship to prior research, and how it is a logical extension of prior research. goes from general to specific
Term
Methods
Definition
tells exactly how the study was conducted
Term
Results
Definition
summarize collected data and the analysis performed on the data
Term
Discussion
Definition
interprets and evaluates the results obtained
Term
References
Definition
accurate and complete list of all references cited in the report
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