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research methods
exam 2
59
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
05/04/2011

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Term
Descriptive
Definition
type of stats used to describe data
Term
Inferential
Definition
type of stats to draw conclusions about data
Term
normal (bell shaped)
Definition
when your median, mode and mean are the same number
Term
Nominal
Definition
Cross tabulation is used for what kind of data
Term
Null Hypothesis
Definition
this hypothesis assumes that two means are the same (two groups are the same)
Term
ANOVA
Definition
if you are testing differences between light therapy, medication, and no treatment symptoms of seasonal affective disorder you would use this kind of test
Term
Type II
Definition
type of error made when you fail to reject null when it is false
Term
sampling error
Definition
differences between various samples due to chance
Term
t-test for correlated samples
Definition
if you want to test people who try all three different new flavors of kool-aid then they rate their energy level after each tasting , you would run_______.
Term
content validity
Definition
type of validity that examines your items to make sure they are relevant to the topic
Term
External
Definition
type of validity dealing with generalizability
Term
Internal
Definition
type of validity dealing with the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable
Term
confound
Definition
something that causes a change in your dependent variable, but it isn't what we want to measure
Term
differential research
Definition
the correlational research approach is conceptually similar to this type of research
Term
Pilot it
Definition
before you give a questionnaire to your actual sample you should first do this.
Term
Open ended
Definition
If you ask participants on a survey "what do you think of tom cuise and katie holmes relationship", this is an example of an ________ question.
Term
Longitudinal
Definition
the kind of survey design you give when you give out the survey multiple times to see if people change
Term
cross-sectional
Definition
the kind of study that involves giving out the questionnaire one time
Term
positively skewed
Definition
a distribution where most of the scores are at the bottom is called
Term
score data
Definition
the kind of data you use to calculate mean
Term
range is only based on two scores and is unreliable
Definition
why most people use variance instead of calculating range
Term
naturalistic observation
Definition
jane goodall did this type of research with chimps
Term
experiments
Definition
casual conclusions can be drawn from this type of research
Term
attrition
Definition
when people drop out in unequal numbers from the treatment and control group, we may have this kind of threat to validity
Term
double blind procedure
Definition
both the subject and the experimenter are unaware of the hypotheses
Term
ANOVA
Definition
testing more than two variables
Term
t-test for independent groups
Definition
two variables that aren't related
Term
t-test for correlated groups
Definition
when same group tests diff things
Term
mean
Definition
average
Term
median
Definition
middle number
Term
mode
Definition
number that occurs most
Term
range
Definition
difference between lowest and highest number
Term
correlation coefficients
Definition
strong correlation: .70+
moderate correlation: .31-.70
weak correlation: 0.01-.30
no relationship: closest to 0
Term
correlational and differential research
Definition
conceptually similar
Term
cross tabulation
Definition
used for nominal or ordinal data
Term
cross sectional
Definition
tested one time
Term
longitudinal research
Definition
tested multiple times over time
Term
inferential stats
Definition
used to make inferences
Term
ex post facto fallacy
Definition
interpreting an observed contingency as if it represented a casual connection
Term
experimenter reactivity
Definition
without the controls found in higher constraint research, its difficult for the researcher to avoid influencing participants
Term
threats to internal validity
Definition
9 confounding variables
Term
Maturation
Definition
observed changes over time
Term
History
Definition
changes due to an event that occurs during the study, which might have affects the results
Term
Testing
Definition
changes due to the effects of previous tesing
Term
Instrumentation
Definition
any change in the calibration of the measuring instrument over the course of the study
Term
Regression to the mean
Definition
tendency for participants selected because of extreme scores to be less extreme on a retest
Term
Selection
Definition
any factor that creates groups that are not equal at the start of the study
Term
Attrition
Definition
drop out rates are different
Term
Diffusion of treatment
Definition
changes in participants' behavior in one condition because of information they obtained about the procedures in other conditions
Term
Sequence effects
Definition
effect of order
Term
Statistical validity
Definition
are stats accurate?
threatened by: unreliable measures of DV, violations of the stat assumptions
strengthened by: using well validated measures
approximately equal sample size in each group
Term
Construct validity
Definition
is our theory the best explanation for the results?
threatened by: any alternative explanation for the patter of results
strengthened by: using well validated constructs to build the theoretical predictions for the study
Term
External validity
Definition
do the results apply to the broader population?
threatened by: unrepresentative samples, generalizing beyond the limits of the sample
strengthened by: gathering a representative sample if possible, clearly describing samples so other researchers will know limits of generalization
Term
Internal validity
Definition
is the independent variable responsible for the observed changes in the dependent variable?
threatened by: confounding variables
strengthened by: adding adequate controls to reduce or eliminate confounding
Term
demand characteristics
Definition
demand characteristics
Term
general control procedures
Definition
preparation of the setting, response measurement, replication
Term
control over subject and experimenter effects
Definition
blinde procedures, single blind, double blind, automation, using objective measures, multiple observers, using deception
Term
participant selection
Definition
can generalize only if sample represents pop

largest to smallest: general pop, target pop, accessible pop, sample
Term
goal of stats
Definition
measure, describe data, draw conclusions, help us interpret data, evaluate data
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