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Research method
quiz 1
38
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/22/2013

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Term
Independent variable
Definition
experimenter has direct control over
Term
Dependent variable
Definition
something that may or may not change as a result of changes in the IV
Term
Random selection
Definition
each person in population has an equal chance of being in the sample
Term
True experiment with random assignment
Definition
particpants have an equal chance of placement in experimental or control group
helps avoid unintentional difference between groups
establish cause and effect relationships
permit replication
Term
Quasi-experimental designs
Definition
statistical control when physical control (random assignment) is impossible/unethical
correlation study

ex:pre-post test
Term
cross sectional
Definition
people from different age groups all assessed at one point in time
Term
longitudinal
Definition
same people studied more than once ideally 3 time points for nonlinear change
Term
sequential exp.
Definition
complex combination of cross sectional and longitudinal adds more data then either design alone
Term
Meaningful measures
reliable
valid
Definition
reliable- are consistent from time to time
valid- the test actually measures what it claims to measure
Term
Quantitative
Qualitative
Definition
objectively measurable data...standardized tests, physiological changes

rich non-numerical data: feelings and beliefs
Term
Self reports
Definition
diaries, surveys (open ended or rating scales), interview and focus groups
Term
Laboratory observation
Definition
behavior observed and recorded in controlled environment

more likely to identify and control causal influences
Piaget's A not B task
Ainsworth Strange situation task
Term
Naturalistic observation
Definition
no interference
can either be qualitative or quantitative
Term
Ways to narrow down sampling data in naturalistic observation
Definition
event sampling- count of specific events (picks nose)
good for occasional behavior
time sampling- what is the child doing every 30 seconds
not good for capturing short/periodic behaviors because may occur between observations
1/0 sampling- only coding the first time a behaviors is observed
can look for multiple behaviors at once but not as detailed
Term
direct assessment of behavior and performance
Definition
objective measure
mechanical and electronic devices
assessing knowledge abilities and physical responses

direct assessments with child must be developmentally appropriate
Term
DDDP reading belsky and pluess
the nature and nurture of plasticity in early human development
Definition
don't know how much plasticity is nature vs nurture
Term
Fertilization/conception
Definition
union of sperm an ovum to produce single celled zygote
Term
When are women most fertile
what process is this known as
Definition
24-48 hours prior to ovulation
known as LH surge starts around dat 12 of avg menstrual cycle and lasts 48 hours
LH surge matures the egg and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary and triggering the release of the egg
after a day unfertilized egg will disintegrate or dissolve in the fallopian tube
Term
how many days is typical fertility
Definition
5-7 days/month
Term
sperm stay alive in uterus and fallopian tube
Definition
for 5 days post sex
surge of hormones prior to ovulation increase women's sexual drive
men perceive women as more attractive during their peak fertility
Term
stages of prenatal development
Definition
germinal conception-2weeks
embryonic - 2-8 weeks
fetal - 8-birth
Term
germinal stage development
where does fertilization occur
Definition
single celled mature ovum leaves ovary
fertilization
cell division
Fertilization occurs in fallopian tube…blastocyst attach to uterine wall…10 days blastocyst joined to uterine wall
CNS is always at risk
We develop from back forward and inside out
Term
characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome
Definition
small birth weight
small head circumference
small widely spaced eyes
flat mid face
short upturned nose
smooth wide philtrum
thin upper lip
Term
rise in multiple birth rate
Definition
factors: raising trend toward delaying childbirth
increased education about nutrition
increasing use of fertility drugs

relate risk: pregnancy complications, premature delivery and birth weight, infant disability or death
Term
two types of multiple births
Definition
monozygotic
one egg one sperm
identical twins
share 100% of genes

dizygotic
two egg, two sperm
more common
fraternal twins
share 50% of genes
Term
measuring heritability
Definition
family studies, adoption studies, twin studies
Term
Genotype-Environment (GXE) correlations
Definition
environment reflects or reinforces genetic differences
passive- child does not control inheritance of both genes and environment from parents
reactive or evocative- parents react to child's genes to provide environment or children evoke an environment
active or niche picking- child may have genetic predisposition for particular environments
Term
passive correlation
(G X E ) correlation
Definition
parents who provide genes that predispose a child toward a trait also tend to provide an environment that encourages the development of that trait

child has no control
Term
reactive or evocative correlation
(G X E) correlation
Definition
parents who are not musically inclined may make a special effort to provide musical experiences for a child who shows interest and ability in music

parents react to child'd genetic makeup
Term
active correlation
(G X E) corr.
Definition
child chooses own activities and environments
Term
nonshared environments
Definition
development reflects unique environment in which child grows up
your siblings and you grew up in different home environments
unique interactions with family friends and peers
financial stability of families changes
accidents, illness, birth order, parents are learning over time too
Term
PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT
Definition
cephalocaudal principle- development proceed in head to tail direction

proximodistal principle- development proceed from within to without

ontogeny recapitualtes phylogeny- development resembles evolutionary processes
Term
neurons
Definition
send a receive information
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
chemical messengers
Term
myelination
Definition
fatty substance helps send faster signals
Term
we are born with 200 billion neurons
Definition
synapses are formed in response to stimulation and genetic programming

without activation, synapse are pruned away or die
Term
postnatal brain
plasticity
Definition
molded by interactions with the environment
neural adaptation through experience
threats-sensory impoverishment, malnutrition
corrective experiences can relieve past deprivations
Term
Sensitive periods in brain development
Definition
stimulation is vital when brian is growing rapidly
experience-expectnat plasticity
ordinary experiences "expected" by the brain
exposure to language vision etc

experience dependent plasticity
synatogenesis and pruning as a result of specific learning experiences
baking
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