Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Research Method
finals
100
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
12/08/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Reliability vs. validity:

 
Definition

Reliability refers to the confidence we can place on the measuring instrument to give us the same numeric value when the measurement is repeated on the same object. Validity on the other hand means that our measuring instrument actually measures the property it is supposed to measure. Reliability of an instrument does not warranty its validity."

 
Term
Science vs. non-science:
Definition
Term
Basic vs. applied science:
Definition
Basic Science is concerned with the process of discovery. Basic scientists seek to discover new knowledge and information without the primary concern of how the knowledge they create might be used.

Applied Science takes information that already exists and utilizes it for the solution of an existing problem.
Term
Four assumptions of science:
Definition
1.True, physical universe exists

2.Universe is primarily orderly

3.The principles that define the functioning of the universe can be discovered

4.All ideas are tentative, potentially changed by new information
Term
Galileo’s experiment:
Definition
Term
Frequency, duration, and intervals methods:
Definition
Term
Naturalistic observation:
Definition
it is a method where the research very carefully observes and records some behavior or phenomenon, sometimes over a prolonged period, in its natural setting.
Term
Experimental vs. non-experimental research
Definition
Term
Field-based studies
Definition
research conducted in a natural setting in which subjects typically do not know they are in an experiment
Term
Base rates
Definition
A base rate fallacy is committed when a person judges that an outcome will occur without considering prior knowledge of the probability that it will occur.
Term
Random assignment to conditions (or groups)
Definition
Term
The tyranny of the senses
Definition
Term
Bryson and Hamblin’s (1988) study (MUM effect)
Definition
Term
Correlational studies
Definition
Correlational studies are used to look for relationships between variables. There are three possible results of a correlational study: a positive correlation, a negative correlation, and no correlation. The correlation coefficient is a measure of correlation strength and can range from –1.00 to +1.00.
Term
Advantages and disadvantages of correlational studies
Definition
Advantage
1. An advantage of the correlation method is that we can make predictions about things when we know about correlations. If two variables are correlated, we can predict one based on the other. For example, we know that SAT scores and college achievement are positively correlated. So when college admission officials want to predict who is likely to succeed at their schools, they will choose students with high SAT scores.

Disadvantage

1. The problem that most students have with the correlation method is remembering that correlation does not measure cause. Take a minute and chant to yourself: Correlation is not Causation! Correlation is not Causation! I always have my in-class students chant this, yet some still forget this very crucial principle.
Term
Advantages and disadvantages of experiments
Definition
Term
Independent variables vs. dependent variables
Definition
Term
Experimenter-manipulated vs. experimenter-selected variables
Definition
Term
Spallanzani’s (1785) experiment (dog insemination)
Definition
Term
Lorge’s (1930) experiment (massed vs. distributed practice)
Definition
Term
Asch’s (1952) experiment (presentation order)
Definition
Term
Benbow and Stanley’s (1980) study (math gender difference)
Definition
Term
Experimental vs. control groups
Definition
Term
Supa, Cotzin, and Dallenbach’s (1944) experiment (facial vision)
Definition
Term
Paul’s (1966) experiment (speech phobia)
Definition
Term
Experimenter bias
Definition
bias introduced by an experimenter whose expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants in the experiment.
Term
Single-blind vs. double-blind experiments
Definition
In single-blind studies, only the patient is not told what is being given. In a double-blind study, only the pharmacist knows; the doctors, nurses, patients, and other health-care staff are not informed. If medically necessary, however, it is always possible to find out what the patient is taking.
Document Actions
Term
Rosenthal and Fode’s (1963) experiment (maze-bright rats)
Definition
Term
Demand characteristics
Definition
Sometimes during an experiment, a participant might pick up on some clue or bias from the researcher, the situation, or something about the experiment that gives the participant and idea of what type of response the researcher is looking for.
Term
Two meanings of control
Definition
Term
Operational definitions
Definition
A statement of the procedures or ways in which a researcher is going to measure behaviors or qualities.
Term
Factorial vs. non-factorial designs
Definition
Term
Between-subjects, within-subjects, and “mixed” factorial designs
Definition
Term
Levels of an independent variable
Definition
Term
Possible outcomes of a 2 x 2 factorial design
Definition
Term
Main effects and interactions
Definition
Term
Bar graphs vs. line graphs vs. table of means
Definition
Term
Chi’s (1978) experiment (chess)
Definition
Term
Ex post facto experiment (i.e., a quasi-experiment)
Definition
Term
Subject variables
Definition
some characteristics of people that can be measured or described but cannot be varied experimentally
Term
Tachistoscope
Definition
scientific instrument used by psychologists; presents visual stimuli for brief exposures.
Term
Functional designs
Definition
an analysis of the antecedents and consequences of s particular behavior; usually undertaken before the implementation of a behavioral treatment.
Term
Small n design
Definition
use experimental control
by the careful manipulation of an
independent variable on a small number of participant
Term
ABA design
Definition
ABA designs are a type of single-subject design. The purpose of this type of experimental design is to observe changes individual may exhibit as a result of the treatment.
Term
Ayllon’s (1963) experiment (towel hoarding)
Definition
Term
Identification of independent and dependent variables in abstracts
Definition
Term
Identification of research designs in abstracts
Definition
Term
Calculate mean
Definition
Example 1: What is the Mean of these numbers?

6, 11, 7

Add the numbers: 6 + 11 + 7 = 24
Divide by how many numbers (there are 3 numbers): 24 / 3 = 8

The Mean is 8
Term
Determine median (precisely using graph)
Definition
a measure of central tendency: the middle value when observations are ordered from least to most.
Term
Identify mode
Definition
Example:

3, 7, 5, 13, 20, 23, 39, 23, 40, 23, 14, 12, 56, 23, 29

In order these numbers are:

3, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 20, 23, 23, 23, 23, 29, 39, 40, 56

This makes it easy to see which numbers appear most often.

In this case the mode is 23.
Term
Determine range
Definition
Ordering the test scores from least to greatest, we get:
73, 77, 84, 87, 89, 91, 94
highest - lowest = 94 - 73 = 21
Answer:
The range of these test scores is 21 points.
Term
Calculate variance and standard deviation
Definition
Standard Deviation

The Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread out numbers are.

Its symbol is σ (the greek letter sigma)

The formula is easy: it is the square root of the Variance. So now you ask, "What is the Variance?"

Variance

The Variance is defined as:

The average of the squared differences from the Mean.
Term
Shape of distributions
Definition
n statistics, the concept of the shape of the distribution refers to the shape of a probability distribution and it most often arises in questions of finding an appropriate distribution to use to model the statistical properties of a population, given a sample from that population. The shape of a distribution may be considered either descriptively, using terms such as "J-shaped", or numerically, using quantitative measures such as skewness and kurtosis.
Term
Calculate z scores
Definition
In statistics, a z-score (or standard score) is used to compare means from different normally distributed sets of data. The actual score indicates how many standard deviations an observation is above or below the mean.
How to Calculate a z-score in Statistics thumbnail
Formula for Standard Score (z-score)

In statistics, a z-score (or standard score) is used to compare means from different
Term
Mean and SD for a set of z scores
Definition
z = \frac {X-\mu}{\sigma} (6)

X = ExperimentalValue

μ = Mean

σ = StandardDeviation
Term
Convert a Z score into a raw score?
Definition
Term
Draw a scatter diagram (scatterplot)
Definition
Term
Positive vs. negative correlations
Definition
Term
Strong vs. weak correlations
Definition
Term
Linear vs. curvilinear relationships
Definition
A linear relationship is different from a nonlinear/curvilinear relationship because a linear relationship has direct proportionality that causes the dependent variable to change when the independent variable changes, whereas a nonlinear/curvilinear relationship does not have proportionality between the dependent and independent variables (there is not consistent change). In other words, in a linear relationship all the points on the scatter diagram tends to lie near a straight line, while the points in a nonlinear/curvilinear relationship are depicted graphically by anything other than a straight line.
Term
Possible values of a correlation coefficient
Definition
Term
Computing the correlation coefficient
Definition
Term
Interpreting correlations
Definition
Term
Use regression equation to predict scores
Definition
Term
Reliability vs. validity
Definition
Term
Types of reliability
Definition
Inter-rater: Evaluates reliability among different participants

2. Test- Re-test: Evaluates reliability across time

3. Parallel Forms: Evaluates question that seek to assess the same construct with the out most consistency.

4. Internal Consistency: Evaluates individual questions in comparison with one another for their ability to give consistently appropriate results.
Term
Types of validity
Definition
Face Validity: The content of the measure appears to reflect the construct being measured.

Content Validity: The content of the measured is linked to the universe of content that defines the construct.

Predictive Validity: Scores on the measure predict behavior on a criterion measured at a time in the future.

Concurrent Validity: Scores on the measure are related to a criterion measured at the same time (concurrently).

Convergent Validity: Scores on the measure are related to other measures of the same construct.

Discriminant Validity: Scores on the measure are not related to other measures that are theoretically different.
Term
Observation of contrasts
Definition
Term
Scientific inference
Definition
Term
Extraneous variable
Definition
As we all know by now, psychologists like to control things -- in particular, we like to establish as much control as possible when conducting experiments.
Term
Confound
Definition
A variable which is the common cause o f two things that may falsely appear to be in a causal relationship
Term
Subject variable-subject variable confound
Definition
Term
Five basic experimental paradigms
Definition
what is to be observed and scrutinized

the kind of questions that are supposed to be asked and probed for

answers in relation to this subject

how these questions are to be structured
how the results of scientific investigations should be interpreted
how is an experiment to be conducted, and what equipment is available to conduct the experiment.
Term
Spontaneous remission
Definition
Spontaneous healing, also called spontaneous remission or spontaneous regression, means an unexpected improvement or cure from a disease
Term
Placebo effect
Definition
The beneficial effect in a patient following a particular treatment that arises from the patient's expectations concerning the treatment rather than from the treatment itself.
Term
Simon and Emmons (1956) experiment (sleep learning)
Definition
Term
Experiment on perceptual defense
Definition
Term
One-trial learning
Definition
As its name suggests, the theory of one trial learning states that learning takes place in a single pairing of a response and stimulus and is not strengthened over time by repeated exposure to a stimulus.
Term
Experiment briefs in Ch. 7
Definition
Term
Block randomization
Definition
a counterbalancing technique in which the treatment orders are randomized in block such all of the condition are present within the block
Term
Random blocks technique (for matching)
Definition
Term
Ad lib matching
Definition
refers to matching subjects
Term
Potential problems associated with repeated measure design
Definition
Term
Fatigue vs. practice effects
Definition
1. Practice Effects – Occur when subjects get better at the task over time because of practice, so that they perform best in the later conditions.



2. Fatigue Effects – Occur when subjects get worse at the task over time because of fatigue. They might even quit trying and just “go through the motions
Term
Carry-over effects
Definition
This is when having been tested under one condition affects how participants behave in another condition. There are many different kinds of carryover effects. Here are a few of the most important.
Term
Counterbalancing
Definition
1. Practice Effects – Occur when subjects get better at the task over time because of practice, so that they perform best in the later conditions.



2. Fatigue Effects – Occur when subjects get worse at the task over time because of fatigue. They might even quit trying and just “go through the motions
Term
Latin-square designs
Definition
Term
Subject loss (attrition)
Definition
when the participant does not stay during the experiment.
Term
Ethics case studies in Ch. 8
Definition
basically it is about how as a psychologist we must conduct ourselves as professionals
Term
Use of deception
Definition
Term
Anonymity vs. confidentiality
Definition
Confidentiality

Maintaining confidentiality of information collected from research participants means that only the investigator(s) or individuals of the research team can identify the responses of individual subjects; however, the researchers must make every effort to prevent anyone outside of the project from connecting individual subjects with their responses.
Anonymity

Providing anonymity of information collected from research participants means that either the project does not collect identifying information of individual subjects (e.g., name, address, Email address, etc.), or the project cannot link individual responses with participants’ identities. A study should not collect identifying information of research participants unless it is essential to the study protocol.
Term
Animal use in research
Definition
it is important to treat animals right a during a experiment if you want your experiment to be valid
Term
ethic
Definition
Term
Informed consent
Definition
is a phrase often used in law to indicate that the consent a person gives meets certain minimum standards. As a literal matter, in the absence of fraud, it is redundant. An informed consent can be said to have been given based upon a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts, implications, and future consequences of an action.
Term
Debriefing
Definition
When a study or experiment ends, researchers are required to "debrief" participants. In a "debriefing" a researcher explains the purpose of the study, explains the use of deception (if any was used), encourages the participant to ask questions about the study, and allows the researcher to address any harm to the participant that may have resulted from their participation in the study.
Term
IRB
Definition
is a committee that has been formally designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans. They often conduct some form of risk-benefit analysis in an attempt to determine whether or not research should be done.
Term
Major sections of an APA style research report
Definition
Term
Citing sources according to APA style
Definition
Term
34/14/2 approximation rule
Definition
Term
Using the z table
Definition
Supporting users have an ad free experience!