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Research In Nursing Vocab
McGill Research In Nursing 2011 Notecards
147
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
10/27/2011

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Term
Research
Definition
Systematic inquiry that uses rigorous methods to answer questions or solve problems. The goal is to develop, refine, and expand knowledge
Term
Nursing Research
Definition
studies that benefit the profession of nursing and the idividuals it serves. Desighned to develop evidence about issues of importance to various stakeholders.
Term
Evidence Based Practice
Definition
the use of the best clinical evidence in making care decisions
Term
Journal Club
Definition
a way for nurses to get involved in research. Involves regular meetings amoung nurses to discuss and critique journal findings
Term

Canadian Health Services Research Foundation

(CHSRF)

Definition

a foundation funding a series of research chairs and related programs specific to nursing

 

founded in 1999

Term
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Definition
an important source for funding in nursing research
Term
Replication
Definition
repeating the same studies with different smaples, contexts, or times to ensure the findings are accurate and robust
Term
System Reviews
Definition
gathering and integrating research information on a given topic to draw conclusions about the quality and evidence accumulated to date. Central to EBP
Term
Paradigm
Definition
a worldview. A general perspective on the complexities of the "real world"
Term
Determinism
Definition
the positivists' belief that phenomena are not haphazard or random, but have antecedent causes
Term
Positivist Paradigm
Definition
Emphasizes the rational and scientific. Reality is out there to be studied and known. Much research is aimed at understanding the underlying causes of natural phenomena
Term
Postpositivism
Definition
an update on the positivist view, where it is acknowledged that complete objectivity is impossible, but one should strive to be as objective as possible. Seek probablistic evidence on what the world most likely is.
Term
Naturalistic Paradigm
Definition
reality is multiple, subjective, and mentally constructed by individuals. Subjectivity and values are inevitable and required. Findings are the result of interactions between the inquirer and the participant.
Term
Quantitative Research
Definition
the collection and analysis of numeric information. Based on the positivist paradigm
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
a systematic and controlled process approach to research. Used in qualitative studies
Term
Empirical Evidence
Definition
evidence collected by the way of human senses. Used in Quantitative Research
Term
Qualitative Research
Definition
Aims to understand the human experience as it is lived though the collection and analysis of subjective, narrative materials using felxible procedures that evolve in the feild. Favored by the naturallistic paradigm
Term
Basic Research
Definition
designed to provide information for the sake of knowledge
Term
Applied Research
Definition
designed to solve specific problems
Term
Major Research Purposes
Definition
indentification, description, exploration, explanation, prediction and control
Term
Study
Definition
researchers addressing a problem or answer a question through a systematic investigation
Term
Study Participants
Definition
the people being studied in quantitative research
Term
Respondents
Definition
study participants who provide information by answering questions, as in an interview
Term
informants
Definition
the participants in a qualitative study that play an active role in the study
Term
Researcher
Definition
the name of the person conducting the experiment whether in a qualitative or quantitative study
Term
Naturalistic Settings
Definition
also called field studies, take place out in the real world. Often the setting of qualitative studies
Term
Laboratory Settings
Definition
studies that take place in highly controlled environments. More often used in quantitative studies.
Term
Fieldwork
Definition
The action of studying the natural environment, often done by qualitative researchers
Term
Multisite Studies
Definition
studies that have multiple research locations
Term
Concepts
Definition
abstract phenomena, for example pain, resilience or grief.
Term
Phenomena
Definition
concepts in qualitative studies
Term
Constructs
Definition
a mental representation of a phenomenon, deliberately and systematically invented by researchers for a specific purpose. Ex: self care
Term
Theory
Definition
a systematic abstract explanation of some aspect of reality
Term
Variables
Definition
concepts in a quatitative study. Something that varies.
Term
Independant Variable
Definition
The presumed cause of a concept/contruct
Term
Dependant Variable
Definition
the presumed effect of an independant variable
Term
Conceptual Definition
Definition
the abstract, theoretical meaning of a concept being studied. 
Term
Operational Definition
Definition
specifies the operations that the researcher must perform the collect the required information on a particular concept
Term
Data
Definition
the peices of information obtained in a study
Term
Data Set
Definition
all of the pieces of data collected in a study
Term
quantitative data
Definition
numeric information
Term
qualitative data
Definition
narrative descriptions
Term
Relationship
Definition
a bond or connection between two or more phenomenon
Term
cause-and-effect (causal) relationship
Definition
two variables, one specifically leads to the other
Term
fuctional relationship
Definition
an assiciation between two variables that isn't proven to be cause and effect. Example: teenage pregnancy -> low birth weight
Term
scientific merit
Definition
the assesment of the quality of a study
Term
Reliability
Definition
the accuracy and consistency of information obtained in a study
Term
Validity
Definition
the soundness of the study, whether the findings are cogent and well grounded
Term
trustworthiness
Definition
includes credibility and triangulation of the research, a component of reliability
Term
credibility
Definition
the extent that the research engenders the truth of the data and their interpretation
Term
triangulation
Definition
the use of multiple sources or referents to draw conclusions on what the truth is
Term
Bias
Definition
an influence that produces a distortion in the study results
Term
research control
Definition
holding constant the other influences on the dependant variable so that the true relationship between the independant and dependant variable can be understood
Term
extraneous variables
Definition
other variables that can be an intermediate cause between the independant and dependant varible
Term
mediating variables
Definition

the variables that may be inbetween an independant variable and the dependant result

 

ex: teenage mother -> poor prenatal nutrition -> low birth weight

Term
randomness
Definition
having certain features of a study established by chance rather than design or personal preference.
Term
reflexivity
Definition
the preocess of reflecting critically on the self, and of analyzing and making note of personal values that could affect data collection and interpretation
Term
generalizability
Definition
used in quantitative studies to assess the extend to which study findings can be applied to other groups and settings
Term
transferability
Definition
the extend to which qualitative studies can be transferred to other settings, a measure of trustworthiness
Term
Thick Description
Definition
rich and throrough description of the research settings so that the utility of evidence for nursing practice can be assessed
Term
Experimental Research
Definition
researchers actively introduceintervention or treatment
Term
Nonexperimental Research
Definition
researchers collect data without making changes or introducing treatment
Term
Grounded Theory Tradition
Definition
seeks to descibe social-psychological and structural processes that occur in a social setting. Try and discover a core variable that is central in explaining what happens in the social scene
Term
Phenomenology
Definition
concered with the lived experiences of humans. Thinking about what life experiences of people are like and what they mean
Term
Ethnography
Definition
provides a framework for studying the patterns and experiences of a defined cultural group in a hollistic fashion
Term
Steps of the Conceptual Phase of Qualitative Studies
Definition

1. Formulating and Delimiting the Problem

2. Reviewing the related research literature

3.understanding clinical fieldwork

4. defining the framework and developing conceptual definitions

5. formulating hypotheses

Term
Steps to the Designing and Planning Phase of Qualitative Reseach
Definition

1. Selecting a Research Design

2. Developing Protocols for the intervention

3. indentidying the population to be studied

4. designing the sampling plan

5. specifying methods to measure variables

6. developing methods to protect human/animal rights

7. finalizing and reviewing the research plan

Term
Steps to the Empirical Phase of Qualitative Research
Definition

1.Collecting the Data

2. Preparing Data for Analysis

Term
Steps to the Analytical Phase of Qualitative Research
Definition

1. Analyzing the data

2. interpreting the results

Term
Steps to the Dissemination Phase of Qualitative Research
Definition

1. Communicating the Findings

2. Utilizing research evidence in practice

Term
Steps to Conceptualizing and Planing a Qualitative Study
Definition

**May not necessarily be in this order**

1. identifying a research problem

2. performing a literature review

3 selecting and gaining Entree into research sites

4. designing qualitative studies

5. addressing ethical issues

Term
literature review
Definition
reading through and analyzing previously done studies and relevant articles pertaining to your research
Term
Pilot Study
Definition
a small scale version or trial run of a major study
Term
population
Definition
all the individuals or objects with common, defining characteristics
Term
sample
Definition
a subset of the population, only valid if it is an accurate representation of the entire population
Term
sampling plan
Definition
specifies in advance how the sample will be seleced and how many study participants there will be
Term
coding
Definition
the process of translating data into numerical form
Term
statistical analyses
Definition
the way in which qualitative data is studied. Data is processed and analyzed into an orderly fashion so that relationships can be discerned and hypotheses can be tested
Term
Gaining Entree
Definition
gaining the preliminary contacts required by local authoritative figures to study their world. 
Term
Emergent Design
Definition
a design that emerges during the course of data collection
Term
saturation
Definition
occurs when themes and categories in the data become repetitive and redundant such that no new information can be gleaned by further data collection
Term
journal articles
Definition
reports that summarize studies in professional journals
Term
peer reviewers
Definition
other researchers doing work in the field who make reccomendations about whether an article should be accepted, revised and re-reviewed, or rejected
Term
blind reviews
Definition
reviewers are not told the name of the person doing the study, nor is the researcher told the name of the reviewer
Term
IMRAD Format
Definition

Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion

 

preceded by an abstract and followed by references in most occastions

Term
abstract
Definition
a brief discription of the study placed at the begining of an article
Term
findings
Definition
the results obtained from data analysis
Term
statistical test
Definition
a procedure for testing the hypothesis and evaluating the believability of the findings
Term
statistically significant
Definition
based on the statistical test, the findings are probably reliable and repeatable with a different group of people
Term
level of significance
Definition
an index of how probable it is that the findings are reliable. Findings must be less than or equal to .05 to be significant
Term
critique
Definition
a careful, critical appraisal of a study's strengths and limitations.
Term
Nuremberg Code
Definition
developed in 1949 after the Nazi atrocities were made public. A set of ethical standards
Term
Declaration of Helsinki
Definition
a set of international code of ethics, adopted in 1964, revised most recently in 2000
Term
Code of Ethics
Definition
a set of rules and guidelines for remaining ethical while performing research
Term
Ethical Dilemmas
Definition
situations in which rights of paticipants and the demands of the study are put into direct conflict
Term
Self-Determination
Definition
prospective participants have the right to voluntarily decide whether or not to participate in a study, without risk of incurring adverse concequences. Also applies to refusal to give information, asking questions, and withdrawing from the study
Term
Coercion
Definition
implicit threat of penalty for failing to participate or excessive rewards for agreeing to participate
Term
stipend
Definition
a monetary incentive for participating in a study
Term
Full Disclosure
Definition
the researcher has fully described the nature of the study, the person's right to refuse partipation, the researcher's responsibilities, and the likely risks and benefits that would be incurred
Term
informed consent
Definition
partcipants have adequate information about the research prior to consent
Term
Covert Data Collection (concealment)
Definition
the collection of information without the participant's knowledge and thus without their consent.
Term
Vulnerable Subjects
Definition
people with diminished competance or decision-making ability
Term
confidentiality
Definition
a pledge that any information they provide will not be publicly reported or made accessible to parties not involved in the research
Term
beneficence
Definition
imposes a duty on researchers to maximize net benefits
Term
nonmaleficence
Definition
researchers' duty to avoid or minimize harm to participants
Term
risk/benefit assesment
Definition
an assesment designed to determine whether the benefits of participating in a study are in line with the costs
Term
minimal risk
Definition
risks anticipated to be no greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during routine tests and procedures
Term
consent form
Definition
a document proving the consent of each participant
Term
implied consent
Definition
by turning in a self-administered questionaire, the participant has given voluntary consent to participate. Not always the case.
Term
process consent
Definition
researchers continuously renegotiate the consent, allowing participants to play a collaborative role in the decision-making process regarding their ongoing participation
Term
anonymity
Definition
when even the researcher cannot link a participant with his or her data
Term
identification numbers
Definition
when anonymity cannot be achieved, it replaces the participants names on any documentation associated with the study
Term
debriefing
Definition
allows the participant to ask questions and air complaints about the study after their participation
Term
assent
Definition
the child's affirmative agreement to participate after recieving parental consent
Term
Research Ethics Boards (REB)
Definition
reviews proposed research plans using ethical guidelines outlined in the TCPS prior the the start of a study.
Term
research misconduct
Definition
researchers not properly following the code of ethics, or changing the results of their study to fit their hypothesis in any way
Term
Research Problem
Definition
a perplexing or troubling condition warrenting further research
Term
problem statement
Definition
articulates the problem to be addressed
Term
Research Questions
Definition
specific inquiries researchers want to answer when addressing a research problem
Term
statement of purpose
Definition
the researchers' summary of their overall goal
Term
Directional Hypothesis
Definition
a hypothesis that specifies not only the existance, but also the direction of the relationship between variables
Term
Nondirectional Hypothesis
Definition
does not stipulate the direction of the relationship between variables
Term
Research Hypothesis
Definition
statements of actual expected relationships between variables
Term
Nully Hypothesis
Definition
states that there is no relationship between the independant and dependant variable. Very hard to prove
Term
CINAHL database
Definition

a major nursing journal database.

 

Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature

Term
subject search
Definition
a search for references relevant to a specific topic
Term
textword search
Definition
looks for specific words in the text areas of each record
Term
author search
Definition
if you are looking for articles by a specific researcher this is helpful
Term
Primary Source Research Reports
Definition
descriptions of studies written by the researchers who conducted them
Term
Secondary Source Research Articles
Definition
descriptions of studies prepared by someone other than the researcher
Term
Meta-Analysis
Definition
a technique for integrating quantitative findings statistically. The research is the primary unit of analyzation, as opposed to participants. 
Term
Unit of Analysis
Definition
the most basic entity in which the analysis focuses
Term
Metasynthesis
Definition
integrating qualitative research findings on a specific topic that are themselves interpretive syntheses of data. Not simply a summary, but an extra layer of analysis and comparison between studies. 
Term
descriptive theory
Definition
a theory that accounts for a single phenomenon
Term

Grand Theory

(Macro Theory)

Definition
attempt to explain large segments of the human experience
Term
Middle Range Theories
Definition
explain a portion of the human experience
Term
Conceptual Model
Definition
deals with concepts that are assembled because of their relevance to common themes
Term
Model
Definition
a symbolic representation of concepts or variables and interrelationships amoung them
Term
Statistical Models
Definition
mathematical equations that express the nature and magnitude of relationships among a set of variable
Term

Schematic Model

(conceptual map)

Definition

represents a phenomenon of interest in a diagram

 

(think the Developmental Model of Health flower diagram from Development over the Lifepan)

Term
framework
Definition
the overall conceptual underpinnings of a study
Term
theoretical framework
Definition
the framework of a study based on theory
Term
conceptual framework
Definition
the framework in a study rooted in a specific conceptual model
Term
Borrowed Theories
Definition
the use of theories and conceptual models from other disciplines
Term
shared theory
Definition
when a borrowed theory is tested and found to be relevant in health-related situations it becomes a shared theory
Term
substantive theory
Definition
in grounded theory, a theory that is grounded in data from a single study on a specific substantive area (e.g. postpartum depression)
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