Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Repro, Semen, Pregnancy, Neonates
JJC Vet Tech 111
127
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 1
05/07/2014

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What dog breed has a once a year estrous cycle?
Definition
Basenji
Term
Stages of the canine estrous cycle can be defined by:
Definition
-sexual behavior
-physical signs
-vaginal cytology
-progesterone levels
Term
Acronym for the stages of K9 estrous cycle, in order?
Definition
PEDA
Term
Signs of K9 proestrus?
Definition
-swollen vulva
-bloody discharge
-will not accept a male
Term
Signs of K9 estrus?
Definition
-tail "flagging"
-clear discharge
-will accept a male
Term
Signs of K9 diestrus?
Definition
-pinkish discharge
-no interest in males
-can get false pregnancy or pyometra
Term
Describe how long each estrous cycle stage lasts, in order.
Definition
P- 1 week
E- 1 week
D- about 2mo
A- until next heat cycle
Term
5 Reasons for choosing AI:
Definition
-breed cannot mate normally (bulldogs)
-dominant female
-inexperienced stud
-stricture in female
-long distance breeding
Term
AI supplies (6 things):
Definition
-artificial vagina
-sterile glove, pipette, syringe
-non-spermicidal lube
-love mat
Term
How to care for AI equipment:
Definition
-no cleansers!
-rinse with distilled water
-gas sterilize
-air out 24hr
Term
Name for the artificial teaser bitch smell?
Definition
eau d' estrus
Term
What must you do to a male dog in order to place an artificial vagina on its penis?
Definition
retract prepuce
Term
Name of the physical bond between male and female dog during intromission? How long does it last?
Definition
"tie" - 5min to 1hr
Term
After collecting semen, the male dog will exhibit...
Definition
an enlarged bulbous glandis
Term
Term for when the penis can't retract back inside the prepuce?
Definition
paraphimosis
Term
What can you do to a female dog after AI to enhance likelihood of fertilization?
Definition
-"feather" the vulva to stimulate uterine contractions
-elevate rear end
Term
What do you add to sperm to make it last longer?
Definition
semen extender
Term
When do false pregnancy and pyometra tend to occur?
Definition
6wks after heat, during diestrus
Term
Pyometras can be ___ or ___.
Definition
open (draining) or closed
Term
When do dogs go into their first heat cycle?
Definition
-6 mo (small dogs) to 18 mo (bigger)
Term
How often do dogs go into heat?
Definition
usually twice a year (Basenjis are once a year)
Term
How is feline estrous different from K9 estrous?
Definition
-induced ovulation
-seasonally polyestrous
-anestrus between Oct - Jan
Term
Only the dogs with the most excellent ___ and ___ should be bred.
Definition
temperament, health
Term
What health parameters should be checked prior to breeding?
Definition
-OFA, hip/elbow dysplasia
-CERF (K9 Eye Registry Foundation)
-thyroid, cardiac, sebaceous adenitis, Von Willibrand's, etc
-Brucellosis test
Term
Expenses related to breeding, other than medical tests?
Definition
-stud fee
-AI
-vaginal cytology
-progesterone testing
-US, rads
-c-section
Term
Vet expenses related to neonates?
Definition
-dew-claw removal
-de-worming
-vaccinations
Term
How long is gestation for dogs and cats?
Definition
about 9 wks for each (63d dog, 65d cat)
Term
Term for giving birth (K9)
Definition
whelping
Term
Term for giving birth (cat)
Definition
queening
Term
When to US for babies?
Definition
-day 24-28
-can see heart at day 30
Term
Diet of a pregnant bitch/queen?
Definition
-gradually increase amount
-switch to puppy/kitten food
-small, frequent meals or free feed
-do NOT supplement calcium
Term
What supplies to gather in the final week of pregnancy?
Definition
-whelping box
-heat lamp
-newspapers/towels
-lube
-leash
-flashlight
-bulb syringe
Term
In the final week of pregnancy, check what parameter? How often?
Definition
-temperature
-twice a day
Term
Sign that bitch will whelp in 24hr?
Definition
temp drops to 98, then comes back up
Term
What are the stages of whelping?
Definition
Stage 1: cervical dilation
Stage 2: expulsion of fetus
Stage 3: expulsion of placenta
Term
Describe Stage 1 of Whelping:
Definition
-6-12 hr
-resting, panting, nesting, seclusion
-may not eat, may vomit
-temp drops to 98
-contractions begin
Term
Describe Stage 2 of Whelping:
Definition
-cervix dilates
-pup leaves body
-remove membrane from face
-mom roughly licks bebeh
-tear umbilicus
-keep pup warm and separate from mom
Term
Describe Stage 3 of Whelping:
Definition
-bitch can eat 1 or 2 placentas
-count placentas
-give mom Nutrical, water
-nursing is good
-keep pups warm and dry
-after all pups, give mom PIT shot
Term
What should you count during whelping?
Definition
# placenta and # babies, the numbers should match!!
Term
PIT
Definition
pitocin shot, give to mom after all pups born - will get uterus back to normal
Term
The placenta contains the hormone ___.
Definition
oxytocin
Term
In the case of dystocia, what shot may be given? How many can be given?
Definition
oxytocin, 2 max
Term
Labor would be considered dystocia if...
Definition
-contractions continue but no new pup for 2 hours
Term
What to do if dystocia occurs?
Definition
-palpate vaginal canal
-if no pup in canal, give oxytocin
-emergency c-section if needed
Term
What should you write on a vaginal smear slide?
Definition
date
Term
-Smallest epithelial cell
-high nucleus:cytoplasm
Definition
parabasal cells
Term
parabasal cell
Definition
-smallest epi seen
-large nucleus:cytoplasm
-numerous in diestrus
Term
-vary in size/shape
-some round/oval with prominent nuclei
-some polygonal with small nucleus:cytoplasm
Definition
intermediate cells
Term
intermediate cell
Definition
-varies in size, shape
-larger than parabasal
-many in proestrus, diestrus
Term
The vagina cells that look like cornflakes are called ___ or ___.
Definition
cornified or superficial
Term
-angular, jagged borders
-pyknotic nucleus
-may appear anucleated
Definition
cornified cells
Term
cornified cells
Definition
-angular, jagged borders
-pyknotic nucleus
-may appear anucleated
Term
In what stage of estrous are the vaginal cells predominantly cornified?
Definition
estrus
Term
If ___% of cells on a vaginal smear are ___, it means that the animal is close to ___ and is ready to breed.
Definition
If 90% of cells on a vaginal smear are cornified, it means that the animal is close to ovulation and is ready to breed.
Term
If ___% of cells on a vaginal smear are ___, you should test the blood for ___ levels.
Definition
If 70% of cells on a vaginal smear are cornified, you should test the blood for progesterone levels.
Term
Describe a vaginal smear done in proestrus.
Definition
-noncornified
-RBCS
-may be bacteria
-may be neutrophils
-late proestrus: large intermediate and cornified
Term
Describe a vaginal smear done in estrus.
Definition
-mostly cornified (aka superficial)
-may be anucleated
-no neutrophils
Term
Describe a vaginal smear done in diestrus.
Definition
-few cornified, mostly parabasal/intermed
-RBCs in 1st week
-may be WBCs
Term
Describe a vaginal smear done in anestrus.
Definition
-noncornified squamous epis
-intermed or parabasal
-may be neutrophils
-no RBCs
Term
How does live-dead stain work on sperm?
Definition
Stain kills all sperm, but if they were alive at time of staining they will not take up dye bc cell membrane is intact.
Term
What is the "party hat" on a sperm called?
Definition
acrosome
Term
Parts of a sperm:
Definition
acrosome, head, body, tail
Term
Keep semen at ___ for storage, and warm up to ___ for motility analysis.
Definition
storage: 60F (~16C)
motility: 95-98F (35-37C)
Term
How to prepare a slide of sperm for motility analysis??
Definition
-warm sperm to 95-98F (35-37C)
-prewarm slide to 98F (37C)
-place 1 drop on slide
-coverslip
-examine at 10x
Term
Curled tail of sperm indicates...
Definition
-cold shock (if many)
-small numbers may be found normally in sample
Term
__% or more of curled tail sperm indicates...
Definition
temperature fluctuation during storage/transport
Term
Shaking a semen sample may cause the sperm to ___.
Definition
clump, which makes them non-motile
Term
3 fractions of semen:
Definition
1. PSF = pre-sperm (clear)
2. SRF = sperm rich fluid (milky)
3. PF = prostatic fluid (clear)
Term
Normal sperm travel in what way?
Definition
-smooth, forward, linear progression
Term
When doing sperm motility analysis, what 2 things do you look for / measure?
Definition
1st- how many are moving at all = # alive (gross motility

2nd- good vs bad motility
Term
The criteria for normal fertility is ___% or more of progressively motile sperm.
Definition
70
Term
Sperm abnormality that looks like a little ball under the head or on the tail.
Definition
piroplasmic droplet (proximal or distal)
Term
Sperm characteristics to record on a semen analysis form:
Definition
-volume of fractions
-color
-motility (% motile, speed, quality, % abnormal)
-morphology (primary or secondary abn)
Term
How many fields do you need to evaluate sperm motility?
Definition
repeat for 3 fields
Term
At what power do you examine sperm motility?
Definition
10x
Term
At what power do you examine sperm morphology?
Definition
40x for initial assessment, then oil immersion
Term
Evaluate ___ sperm cells for each abnormality seen.
Definition
100
Term
Secondary abnormalities in sperm indicate that...
Definition
we screwed up somewhere in collection/storage/transport.
Term
Primary abnormalities in sperm indicate that...
Definition
the sperm were deformed inside the animal
Term
6 secondary abnormalities of sperm:
Definition
-distal droplet
-detached head
-bent tail
-detached galae capitis / acrosome
-reverse tail
-distal coiled tail
Term
What are the possible ratings for sperm motility quality?
Definition
excellent / good / avg / fair / poor
Term
Live/Dead semen stain consists of the stains:
Definition
eosin / nigrosin
Term
How is live/dead stain stored?
Definition
in the refrigerator
Term
How to properly stain sperm with live/dead stain:
Definition
-hematocrit tube to apply 1 small drop sperm to slide
-stick end of cotton swab to apply stain
-mix, make a smear
Term
How to establish a clear airway for neonates:
Definition
-remove sac from face
-suction
-swing
Term
How to stimulate respirations in neonate:
Definition
-rub body
-supplement O2 (hold up to face)
-drugs (Naloxone if mom had narcotics, or Dopram under tongue, or epinephrine)
Term
What to do with the umbilical cord?
Definition
-clamp (hemostat)
-tie (after puppy squeaks)
-cut/tear (less likely to bleed out)
Term
Most of the milk will be located in which teats?
Definition
caudal
Term
Neonates should double their birth weight by ___.
Definition
12 days
Term
Where to place heat lamp in whelping box?
Definition
-at least 6" above, only on part of box
Term
How to convert grams to lbs?
Definition
454 g = 1 lb
Term
Situations where you need to supplement neonate feeding?
Definition
-large litter
-orphans
-mastitis
Term
How frequently must you feed a neonate?
Definition
every 2-3hrs
Term
How much to feed neonate?
Definition
~20ml / 100g
Term
How long to supplement feeding of neonate?
Definition
3-4wks
Term
Methods of feeding neonates?
Definition
-red rubber tube is quickest
-bottle feeding is time intensive
Term
If taking care of neonates, what must you do to the babies after every feeding?
Definition
-stimulate urination/defecation
-rub with warm, wet cloth
Term
When are babies weaned?
Definition
3-4 weeks
Term
Diseases of neonates:
Definition
-fading puppy syndrome
-fading kitten syndrome
-neonatal isoerythrolysis
Term
What is fading puppy syndrome?
Definition
dies in first 2 wks no matter what, may be congenital or lack of supplemental feeding
Term
What is fading kitten syndrome?
Definition
dies in first 2 wks, usually mom is FeLV+
Term
What is neonatal isoerythrosis?
Definition
body attacks its own RBCs because mom's blood type is different from kittens'
Term
Can neonatal isoerythrosis be treated?
Definition
remove kittens from mom and foster / hand-raise
Term
Body parts to examine on a neonate immediately post-whelping?
Definition
-mouth
-limbs
-toes
Term
Mouth abnormalities on a puppy:
Definition
-bird tongue (can't nurse)
-cleft palate
Term
How might you suspect a puppy has cleft palate?
Definition
milk comes out nose when trying to nurse
Term
Why do cleft palate puppies often get sick?
Definition
-milk enters nasal passageways while feeding, can aspirate and cause pneumonia
Term
What specifically about the limbs do you need to examine on a neonate?
Definition
# and angle
Term
2 types of cleft palate:
Definition
-primary = cleft lip, can suture it up easily
-secondary = true cleft palate, usually requires euthanasia
Term
What breeds tend to get secondary cleft palate? What other congenital defect do these breeds sometimes get?
Definition
-brachycephalic
-brachycephalic airway syndrome (palate goes back too far)
Term
The most common congenital heart defect in dogs is...
Definition
PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)
Term
What specifically is PDA?
Definition
persistent opening between aorta and pulmonary arch
Term
CS of PDA?
Definition
machine murmur
Term
How to Dx PDA?
Definition
rads / US
Term
How to Tx PDA?
Definition
-surgery to close off PD, otherwise congenital heart failure by 2yo
Term
Congenital heart defect that does not involve ducts?
Definition
Atrial septal defect
Term
How to Dx atrial septal defect?
Definition
US- atrium and septum are connected, blood flows between them
Term
Types of hernias:
Definition
inguinal, umbilical
Term
Hernias are caused by...
Definition
-congenital
-traumatic birth / umbilicus tearing
Term
CS of hernia:
Definition
-standing/sternal: see pouch
-dorsal: can feel divot
Term
How to Tx hernias?
Definition
-umbilical: must fix
-inguinal: can leave it, or remove at spay/neuter
Term
What are portosystemic shunts?
Definition
functional vascular channel between liver portal circulation and systemic circulation, so liver doesn't filter blood
Term
CS of PSS?
Definition
seizures esp after meals bc ammonia build-up, stupor, slow growth, PU/PD, urate stones, vomiting, anorexia
Term
How to Dx PSS?
Definition
-increased bile acids
-rads
-portography (dye glows in rads)
Term
How to Tx PSS?
Definition
-emergency measures to treat oxicity
-Sx to repair extrahepatic shunts
-low protein diet, lactulose limit toxic by-products
Term
What is atresia ani?
Definition
Animal has no external anal opening
Term
How to Tx atresia ani?
Definition
-usually euthanasia
-can Sx create anus, but won't have muscle tone, etc
Supporting users have an ad free experience!