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Reproduction
JJC Vet Tech 260
292
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 2
11/06/2014

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Cards

Term
Increased estrogen causes:
Definition
Decreased FSH, increased LH
Term
Define "estrus:"
Definition
Stage of estrous cycle in which female is receptive to male
Term
Term for when female is in estrus and can attract males by pheremones, but otherwise shows no signs of it?
Definition
Silent heat
Term
Signs of estrus:
Definition
-tail flagging
-biting
-rubbing
-hind quarter elevation/wiggling
-vocalization
-lateral tail
-backing up to male
-cervical mucus
-vulvar swelling/winking
-frequent urination
-ear flagging/"popping"
-pacing
"stands to be ridden"
Term
Why is cervical mucus produced during estrus?
Definition
To push out bacteria because the cervix is open
Term
Boars release a pheremone called ____ or ____.
Definition
Boar taint, C16
Term
Semen consists of:
Definition
Sperm & vesicular fluid from prostate, bulbourethral gland, and ampulla
Term
What does FSH do?
Definition
female: stimulates female follicles to mature into Graafian follicles
male: stimulate Sertoli cells to start maturation process of sperm
Term
What does LH do?
Definition
female: final maturation of Graafian follicles, involved with ovulation and formation of CL
male: stimulate Leydig cells to produce testosterone (in fetus = sex differentiation)
Term
What does progesterone do?
Definition
maintain pregnancy
Term
What does PGF2a do?
Definition
Causes corpus leuteum to die (leuteolytic), stops production of progesterone
Term
What does oxytocin do?
Definition
involved in contractions, bonding & milk letdown
Term
What does prolactin do?
Definition
maternal behavior and complete formation of colostrum; initiates and maintains lactation after pregnancy; in ewe helps maintain CL
Term
Hormone(s) secreted by the AP?
Definition
-FSH
-LH
-Prolactin
Term
Hormone(s) secreted by the PP?
Definition
-Oxytocin (made by hypothalamus, released by PP)
Term
Hormone(s) secreted by the uterus?
Definition
-PGF2a
-PMSG
Term
Hormone(s) secreted by the ovaries?
Definition
-Estrogen
-Progesterone (specifically the CL)
Term
Hormone(s) secreted by the testes?
Definition
-Testosterone
Term
What is "capacitation" of sperm?
Definition
-step in the maturation of sperm that renders them competent to fertilize an egg; occurs after ejeculation, in the female reproductive tract
Term
The equine penis is made entirely of _____ tissue, whereas most other domestic animals have all _____ penile tissue.
Definition
Horse: cavernous
Rest: cartilaginous
Term
Most female domestic animals cycle how often?
Definition
every 21 days
Term
What species are polyestrous?
Definition
cow & sow
Term
What species are seasonal polyestrous?
Definition
horse, sheep, goat
Term
Gametogenesis
Definition
the process in which precursor cells undergo meiosis to create mature gametes (ova and spermatozoa)
Term
Term for creation of eggs:
Definition
oogenesis
Term
Term for creation of sperm:
Definition
spermatogenesis
Term
In what species does the male have both cavernous and cartilaginous penile tissue? Where is the cavernous tissue found?
Definition
dog- cavernous tissue caudal to os penis
Term
Term for the part of a dog's penis that can swell like an erection?
Definition
bulbous glandus
Term
Term for the phenomenon in which a male and female dog get stuck together during mating?
Definition
coital tie
Term
In animals that have cartilaginous penile tissue, the penis is kept inside the body except during mating. How is this possible?
Definition
sigmoid flexure
Term
Define negative feedback:
Definition
counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it, as when a high level of a particular hormone in the blood may inhibit further secretion of that hormone
Term
Sertoli cells
Definition
nourishes early sperm cells and helps them maturation, acts slowly, influenced by FSH
Term
Another term for the AP?
Definition
adenohypophysis
Term
Another term for the PP?
Definition
neurohypophysis
Term
Which is under neural control: AP or PP?
Which is under glandular control?
Definition
neuro: PP
gland: AP
Term
Give the names of a follicle as it matures.
Definition
primary > secondary > tertiary > Graafian
Term
Leydig cells
Definition
found in the epididymis; they produce testosterone and help mature sperm cells
Term
What two hormones are produced by the AP and affect the ovary? What effect do they have?
Definition
-FSH: maturation of follicle
-LH: ovulation and formation of CL
Term
What two hormones are produced by the AP and affect the testes, and what effect do they have?
Definition
-FSH: spermatogenesis
-LH: production of testosterone
Term
What are the reproductive functions of estrogen?
Definition
-vulvar swelling, winking
-mammary glands swell/develop
-pheremones
-flagging
-reverse peristalsis of uterus
-ear popping

etc (signs of estrus)
Term
What are the reproductive functions of progesterone?
Definition
-decrease motility of uterus
-decrease mucus, swelling, pheremones

etc (opposites of estrogen effects)
Term
What hormones in the female can be considered to have "opposite" functions? What is one exception?
Definition
estrogen and progesterone - except mammary glands
Term
How is the epididymis named?
Definition
from testes to ductus deferens:
head, body, tail
Term
Describe what organs the spermatozoa pass through from creation to ejaculation.
Definition
-testes
-epididymis (head, body, tail)
-ductus deferens
-urethra
Term
When is oogenesis initiated?
Definition
-female born with all the follicles she'll ever have
-oogenesis starts at puberty
-must reset at every cycle
Term
When does female infertility occur?
Definition
-when all primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles are gone
Term
What happens to dying or dead spermatozoa?
Definition
phagocytized by monocytes
Term
In what month is it extremely unlikely for a cat to be in estrus?
Definition
November, because babies would be born in Jan, the coldest month
Term
When does in utero female/male differentiation occur in the cow?
Definition
2mo
Term
Increased FSH causes:
Definition
decreased LH
Term
Increased progesterone causes:
Definition
decreased PGF2a, Estrogen, LH, and FSH
Term
Increased LH causes:
Definition
decreased FSH
Term
Special feature of a ram penis?
Definition
urethral process that sprays semen on the cervix like a little helicopter
Term
5 stages of mating for the male:
Definition
1. Mounting
2. Erection
3. Intromission
4. Emission
5. Ejaculation
Term
Describe the flowchart of pregnancy and related hormones starting with FSH and ending at either no embryo or embryo:
Definition
FSH > follicle matures > Graafian follicle > Estrogen > Estrus > Mating > LH surge > Ovulation > Fertilization > either no embryo or embryo
Term
How is the CL "killed" in the case of no embryo?
Definition
PGF2a released from uterine vein, transfers to uterine artery, travels to capillaries of CL and causes vasoconstriction > hypoxia, killing CL cells
Term
corpus albicans
Definition
regressed form of corpus luteum
Term
What happens if fertilization doesn't result in an embryo?
Definition
-PDF2a released
-leuteolysis of CL
-increased FSH
Term
What happens if fertilization results in an embryo?
Definition
-CL releases progesterone
-other hormones decrease
-~1wk embryo implants in uterus
Term
What is "emission"?
Definition
-transportation of semen from ductus deferens to urethra
Term
What causes secondary sex characteristics in females?
Definition
at puberty, some primary follicles mature into secondaries, these release estrogen
Term
Graafian follicle
Definition
a blister-like protrusion on the ovary, with a fluid-filled antrum surrounding the ovum inside
Term
Where is an ovum released during ovulation?
Definition
peritoneum
Term
Name the maturation stages of a fertilized egg:
Definition
zygote > morula > blastocyst > embryo
Term
x-factor
Definition
secreted by embryo to prevent release of PGF2a
Term
Implantation triggers a release of ____.
Definition
x-factor
Term
When does the embryo secrete x-factor?
Definition
day 14 post-fertilization
Term
Days 0-4 post-fertilization
Definition
zygote in oviduct
Term
Day 5 post-fertilization
Definition
morula in uterus, lots of yolk
Term
Days 6-8 post-fertilization
Definition
blastocyst in uterus, used up most of yolk
Term
Days 8-14 post-fertilization
Definition
embryo fixed in uterine crypt at day 8
Term
Days 14-35 post-fertilization
Definition
embryo implants at day 14
Term
Days 35-45 post-fertilization
Definition
placentation
Term
Initiation of sexual receptivity in all animals requires ___.
Definition
estrogen
Term
Signs of estrus that do not necessarily indicate receptivity?
Definition
-constant vocalization
-frequent urination
-swelling/hyperemia of labia
-copious clear mucoid cervical discharge
-pheremone release
-seeking out the male
-mounting other females
Term
Domestic animal females have ____ cycles whereas humans and primates have ____ cycles.
Definition
domestics: estrous
hum/prim: menstrual
Term
The estrous cycle in domestic animals is divided into how many stages?
Definition
4-5 depending on species
Term
Basic overview of the ovarian hormone cycle:
Definition
1.FSH stimulates granulosa cells in follicles to produce estrogen
2. Estrogen-rich fluid separates granulosa cells and creates antrum; Graafian follicle forms
3. gradual ^estrogen = preovulatory surge of LH
4. mid-point LH surge = final stages of oocyte maturation
5. highest LH surge = ovulation
6. rupture of antrum (ovulation) causes decrease in estrogen and ^progesterone; corpus luteum matures
7. CL's production of progesterone causes decrease in FSH, LH
8. CL regresses, progesterone output decreases
9. Decreased progesterone causes gradual increase in FSH
10. cycle repeats
Term
Which is longer in the domestic animal's estrous cycle: the luteal phase, or the estrogenic phase?
Definition
luteal phase- estrogenic phase only occurs just before and during estrus
Term
What cells form the zona pellucida of the ovum?
Definition
the granulosa cells that surrounded the oocyte just prior to ovulation
Term
spontaneous ovulators
Definition
-most species
-don't require stimulation from male to ovulate
Term
induced/reflex ovulators
Definition
-cat, mink, rabbit, ferret
-stimulation by penis of vaginal mucosa causes LH surge, ovulation
Term
What is the "CL of ovulation"? What about the "CL of pregnancy"?
Definition
CL of O: the CL that forms immediately after ovulation

CL of P: CL that appears after ovulation and is fertilized and implanted
Term
The uterus consists of...
Definition
the endometrium and the myometrium
Term
The uterus plays a major role in controlling the lifespan of a CL in non-pregnant... (what species)?
Plays NO role in CL regression in what species?
Definition
major role: mares, cows, sows, does, ewes

NO role: bitch and queen (real reason unknown)
Term
After ovulation, the non-pregnant uterus releases what? When exactly does this occur?
Definition
PGF2a 14 days after ovulation
Term
When does regression of the CL occur in the bitch? In the queen?
Definition
bitch: 75 days
queen: 35 days
Term
A mature follicle may become _____, meaning that it degenerates.
Definition
atretic
Term
Mating in the male involves how many senses?
Definition
all five major senses
Term
Define "mounting":
Definition
the stance assumed by the male by which the erect penis is brought into apposition with the vulva of the female
Term
Successful mounting must be preceded by what?
Definition
receptive stance by the female
Term
How long does intromission last in the different species?
Definition
bull/ram: seconds
stallion: minute
boar: several minutes
Term
What is phimosis?
Definition
constriction of the preputial orifice which can impede intromission
Term
An estrous cycle can be defined as the time interval from what to what? What is another term for this time interval?
Definition
onset of receptivity in one cycle to onset of receptivity in next; ovulatory interval
Term
Stage 1 of Estrous Cycle
Definition
Estrus: time of receptivity; LH/estrogen influence
Term
Stage 2 of Estrous Cycle
Definition
Metestrus: very short stage immediately post-ovulation in which CL begins to form; LH/progesterone influence
Term
Stage 3 of Estrous Cycle
Definition
Diestrus: starts 4d after ovulation with mature CL, ends with CL regression by PGF2a 14d after ovulation
Term
Stage 4 of Estrous Cycle
Definition
Proestrus: starts just after CL regression and ends at onset of next estrus; rapid follicular development by FSH and ovulation by LH
Term
Anestrus
Definition
prolonged period of reproductive inactivity; ~no ovarian activity
Term
When does anestrus occur in the following:
bitch, queen, mare, ewe, doe
Definition
--bitch: between periods of receptivity (usu. 6-12mo long)
--queen: Oct-Jan
--mare: late winter - Feb
--ewe/doe: spring - summer
Term
Primary reason for anestrus in polyestrus animals?
Definition
pregnancy
Term
Describe the 2-step process of emission:
Definition
1. sympathetic nerve pathways: sperm and fluids from VD and ampulla are emptied into urethra with seminal plasma from other accessory organs
2. Peristaltic movements transport semen through urethra until it is filled
Term
Where in the female is semen is ejaculated by the following:
bull, ram, stallion, boar
Definition
Bull/Ram: near opening of cervix
Stallion: partially in uterus
Boar: completely in uterus
Term
Where does anestrus fall into the Stages of Estrous Cycle?
Definition
between stage 3 (diestrus) and 4 (proestrus)
Term
Onset of puberty in the bitch?
Definition
2-3mo after reaching adult size; 6-12mo of age
Term
monestrus
Definition
experiencing estrus once each year or breeding season, eg bitch
Term
How long does each stage of estrous last in the bitch?
Definition
Proestrus: 3-10 or 7-10 days (?)
Estrus: 7-10 days
Metestrus: 1-2 days
Diestrus: 70-80 days
Term
Where in the estrous cycle does the LH surge occur?
Definition
-end of proestrus
Term
Ovulation follows the LH surge within how long?
Definition
24-48 hours
Term
Explain what occurs in the bitch during pseudocyesis, in respect to hormones and internal reproductive anatomy.
Definition
-CL persists
-in exaggerated diestrus, progesterone still produced for 50-80 days
-endometrium hypertrophies, endometrial glands develop
-may have mammary enlargement and relaxation of pelvis
-nest building, poss. due to prolactin
Term
Why is the bitch more predisposed than other species to get pseudocyesis?
Definition
lack of PGF2a production by myometrium
Term
What predisposes a bitch with pseudocyesis to develop pyometra?
Definition
-long period of progesterone dominance
-relatively long period of regression of endometrium after leuteolysis of CL
Term
During proestrus in the bitch, why might you sometimes see blood on the vulva?
Definition
developing endometrium
Term
How often do bitches go into heat? What time of year do heats generally occur?
Definition
-into heat every 6-7mo, or once a year
-concentrated in spring and fall
Term
Describe the bitch's courtship behavior.
Definition
-spinning
-crouching down
-nuzzling male
--stand with tail toward male
Term
At what stage of estrous does the bitch display vulvar swelling, and possibly blood discharge or courtship behavior?
Definition
proestrus
Term
Ovulation in the bitch usually occurs during what stage of estrous?
Definition
estrus
Term
During what stage of estrous does the bitch's vulvar turgidity decrease?
Definition
estrus, to allow for copulation
Term
During what stage of estrous does the bitch exhibit a rapid decrease in vulvar size, and a rapid rise in progesterone?
Definition
metestrus
Term
When is the optimal time to breed the bitch? What time period is not recommended?
Definition
optimal: 1st, 3rd, 5th days of receptive behavior or "standing heat"

not rec'd: 9th, 11th day after vulvar bleeding because of variable proestrus and estrus durations
Term
What is another name for the "tie" that occurs when dogs mate? Why is it important for this to be completely inside the vagina?
Definition
coital lock; bulbus glandis causes it; stimulates contractions of vulva and uterus that transport semen into oviducts
Term
On average, the coital lock lasts ____.
Definition
5-20 minutes
Term
Cats born in the spring and summer months reach puberty when? What about cats born in fall or winter?
Definition
S/S: following breeding season, 6-8mo old
F/W: puberty delayed for 1yr til next breeding season
Term
Breeding season for cats?
Definition
Jan to Oct in northern hemisphere
Term
What type of estrous cycle can the queen be considered to have?
Definition
seasonal polyestrus, probably controlled by photoperiod
Term
How long do each of the stages of estrous last in the queen?
Definition
21 days total
Proestrus 1-2d
Estrus 4-14d
Metestrus/Diestrus 7d
Term
Do cats exhibit vulvar bleeding during proestrus or estrus?
Definition
nope
Term
Behavioral changes in the queen during estrus:
Definition
-vocalizations
-increased affectionate behavior
-rubbing on objects
-arching back with raised hindquarters
-lateral displacement of tail
-treading/jambing of front paws
Term
How long does intromission and ejaculation last in the feline?
Definition
10-15 seconds
Term
How long after each intromission is the queen's refractory period?
Definition
10-15 minutes
Term
During the first hour of cat mating, how many intromissions/ejaculations may occur?
Definition
4-5
Term
What circumstance might cause a queen to get pseudocyesis? What are the names for this circumstance?
Definition
if luteal phase occurs without pregnancy
-mating without conception
-sham mating
Term
What happens to the queen during pseudocyesis?
Definition
-mammary gland and uterine development
-lactation and nest building are rare
Term
In the avian female, the entire reproductive tract besides the ovary is called:
Definition
oviduct
Term
What parts of the avian repro tract are actually functional:
Definition
left ovary, left oviduct
Term
The avian oviduct is divided into 5 functional regions. Name them, going cranial to caudal:
Definition
-infundibulum
-magnum
-isthmus
-uterus / "shell gland"
-vagina
Term
Site of fertilization in the bird?
Definition
infundibulum
Term
Infundibulum (avian)
Definition
-envelopes ovulated ovum with yolk
-starts it down oviduct
-site of fertilization
Term
Magnum (avian)
Definition
-secretes albumen (egg white) around yolk mass
-longest segment of oviduct
Term
Isthmus (avian)
Definition
-secretes fibrous inner and outer shell membranes
Term
Uterus (avian)
Definition
-adds fluid to developing egg
-secretes hard shell, adds cuticle
-shell pigmentation occurs
Term
What is the cuticle of an avian egg?
Definition
external layer of the egg that prevents entrance of bacteria and reduces water loss
Term
Vagina (avian)
Definition
-terminal part of oviduct that attaches to cloaca
-stores sperm in "sperm-host glands"
Term
What are "sperm-host glands"?
Definition
-in the avian vagina
-can store sperm that remains viable for 14d in chicken and 50d in turkey
Term
The yellow yolk color of avian eggs is from:
Definition
xanthophylls in the diet
Term
The ovulatory cycle in hens is (how long?) and can be repeated (how often)?
Definition
cycle= 24hrs
repeated day after day without interruption
Term
The act of laying an egg is called ____.
Definition
oviposition
Term
Define "fertilization":
Definition
fusion of a male and female gamete to form one single cell called the zygote
Term
How long does estrogen maintain and influence on the myometrium after breeding?
Definition
4 days
Term
How long does the zygote remain in the oviduct before reaching the uterus?
Definition
3-4 days, until estrogen's influence have waned
Term
How longdoes it take the CL to form sufficiently to start secreting progesterone?
Definition
4 days post-conception
Term
What is "uterine milk"?
Definition
nutrient medium for the zygote secreted by the endometrium
Term
Day 0-4 post-breeding
Definition
-fertilization
-zygote in oviduct
-estrogen decreasing, progesterone increasing
-uterine milk secreted
Term
Day 5-6 post-breeding
Definition
-zygote > 16-32cell structure called morula
-uterus under complete control of progesterone
-morula in uterus
Term
Day 6-8 post-breeding
Definition
-morula > blastocyst
-blastocyst lives off yolk and uterine milk
Term
Day 8-14 post-breeding
Definition
-blastocyst implants on endometrium
-blastocyst > embryo
Term
Day 14-35 post-breeding
Definition
-embryo fixed in position, functional/physical contact with uterus
-"implantation time"
-embryo secretes x-factor to prevent PGF2a formation
Term
Day 35-45 post-breeding
Definition
-embryo growing rapidly, can't fulfill own energy requirements by simple diffusion
-placentation
Term
Define "placentation":
Definition
-development of extraembryonic membranes called placenta
Term
What are the chalazae?
Definition
-extensions of inner albumen layer
-holds yolk and embryo in center to avoid adhesions to shell membranes
Term
[image]
Definition
[image]
Term
When does implantation occur in the cow? mare? cat?
Definition
cow/mare: 35 days post-conception
cat: 14+ days
Term
Placentation in most domestic animals is at ___ post-conception. The cat does this at ___.
Definition
45 days; cat 30 days
Term
At the time of placentation, the "baby" is considered a ___.
Definition
fetus
Term
Name and describe the layers of the placenta:
Definition
-chorion: intimate contact with maternal endometrium
-allantois: middle layer, "first water bag"
-amnion: closest to fetus, "second water bag"
Term
4 types of placenta:
Definition
-hemochorial (discoid) - humans/primates
-endotheliochorial (zonary) - bitch/queen
-epitheliochorial (cotyledonary) - ruminants
-epitheliochorial (diffuse or villous) - mare/sow
Term
What determines placental shape?
Definition
distribution of chorionic villi
Term
The placenta combines in one organ many activities of the fetus which are separate in the adult. What are these 4 functions?
Definition
-hormones
-respiration
-digestion
-excretion
Term
How are sperm transported to the oviduct?
Definition
-rhythmic contractions of myometrium under influence of estrogen, progesterone, PGF2a, and oxytocin
Term
Spermatozoa destined for fertilization are temporarily trapped in ______ of the cervix. These are also known as ___.
Definition
sperm reservoirs, aka cervical folds
Term
Where in the female repro tract are sperm capacitated?
Definition
cervical folds / sperm reservoirs
Term
Capacitated sperm travel where?
Definition
infundibulum of oviduct
Term
Define "fertilization life span." How long is it?
Definition
-viability of ovum; time span within which the ovum must be fertilized or it will die
-12-24 hours
Term
How long do sperm stay viable in the female repro tract in the different species:
Definition
24-48 hrs cow/ewe/doe/sow
3-4 days bitch
5 days mare
Term
Breeding soundness exam for males must include:
Definition
-good PE
-observation/palpation of repro organs
-scrotal circumference measurements
-examination of ejaculate quanitity
-% motile sperm
-% normally shaped sperm
Term
Methods of semen collection:
Definition
-electroejaculation
-artificial vagina
-manual ejaculation
Term
Name the temperature-related problems that can damage sperm:
Definition
-cold shock
-heat stroke
Term
How to handle sperm:
Definition
-insulated containers
-gentle handling, no shaking
-prewarm slides, microscope stage (37C)
Term
What do you measure when evaluating sperm?
Definition
-motility score (% w/rapid, progressive movement)
-semen eval (%normal, %abnormal)
Term
Types of sperm abnormalities:
Definition
-Primary: occurs in testes, usu. involve sperm head and midpiece

-Secondary: occur extra-testicular, usu. involve tail, or if very midhandled, detached head and bent tails
Term
How frequently is AI performed in the different species?
Definition
Frequent: cattle, swine
Less frequent: dog, horse
Rarely: sheep, goat, cat
Term
In what animals is frozen and thawed semen used for AI? Fresh semen?
Definition
frozen: cattle
fresh: horse, swine, dog
Term
3 fractions of semen, and which is/are collected for AI?
Definition
1. clear fraction (discard)
2. sperm-rich (save)
3. prostatic (mix few mL with 2nd)
Term
If you see a cow in heat in the AM, inseminate when?

If you see a cow in heat in PM, inseminate when?
Definition
heat AM > AI early PM

heat PM > AI next AM
Term
How is semen collected from a boar, usually?
Definition
-dummy female
-ejaculate by hand or artificial vagina
-electroejaculation requires anaesthesia
Term
How is semen collected from a stallion?
Definition
-experienced personnel (unpredictable, flailing legs)
-mount on teaser mare
-direct penis into artificial vagina
Term
What happens to a mare before she is used as a mount for semen collection?
Definition
hobbled, restrained, tail-wrapped
Term
What are the reproductive functions of the female?
Definition
-production of oocytes
-provision of environment for growth/nutrition of fetus
-parturition
-continued nutrition via lactation
Term
Landmark junction of the vagina and vulva, where hymen attaches?
Definition
external urethral orifice
Term
3 parts of the uterus:
Definition
corpus (body), cervix (neck), 2 cornua (horns)
Term
The uterine corpus is largest in the ____, smaller in _____, and small in ____.
Definition
largest- mare
smaller- cow, ewe
small- sow, bitch, queen
Term
Highly glandular MM in the uterus?
Definition
endometrium
Term
What are "caruncles"?
Definition
non-glandular mushroom-like projections on the endometrium which provide attachment sites for fetal membranes
Term
After placentation, nutrition is supplied to the fetus via...
Definition
dam's blood
Term
What is the "mesometrium"?
Definition
covering of the uterus that supports non-gravid uterus
Term
Other names for oviducts?
Definition
Fallopian tubes, uterine tubes
Term
Define "infundibulum:"
Definition
hood-like expansion at the end of each oviduct
Term
Define "fimbriae:"
Definition
small, finger-like projections on the infundibulum that produce a wave-like motion that draws oocyte into oviduct for fertilization
Term
The lumen of the oviduct is filled with (what sort of cells?) that transport the oocyte and spermatozoa.
Definition
secretory and ciliated
Term
The covering of the oviducts is called the:
Definition
mesosalpinx
Term
The oviducts are supported within the abdominal cavity by the ___.
Definition
broad ligament
Term
The covering of the ovaries is called the ___.
Definition
mesovarium
Term
What is the "ovulation fossa," and what animal has it?
Definition
-small indented area on the mare's ovary where mature oocytes are released
-other species ovulate from anywhere on the ovary
Term
The ovaries are ___-shaped in most species, except in ___ and ___. What shapes are their ovaries?
Definition
most: almond-shaped
mare: kidney-shaped
sow: grape cluster-shaped
Term
Where is the "cortex" of the ovary?
Definition
underneath the tunica albuginea
Term
What is the "tunica albuginea"?
Definition
layer of connective tissue underneath the epithelial cell covering the ovary
Term
What part of the ovary contains large masses of follicles in various stages of development?
Definition
cortex
Term
Secondary follicles are also called:
Definition
growing follicles
Term
Early oogenia cells migrate from ____ to the ovary to form oocytes.
Definition
from embryonic genital ridge
Term
Primary follicles are also called:
Definition
primordial follicle
Term
What distinguishes a primary follicle from a secondary follicle?
Definition
primary: 1 layer of granulosa cells
secondary: adds 2+ layers of granulosa cells
Term
What distinguishes a secondary follicle from a tertiary follicle?
Definition
secondary: doesn't yet have a theca layer or antrum (fluid-filled cavity)
tertiary: 2 layers theca cells, visible antrum
Term
Regresssion of primary follicles is also called ____, and this occurs to many primary follicles before birth.
Definition
atresia
Term
The formation of Graafian follicles is dependent on ____ and begins when?
Definition
hormone-dependent, begins at puberty
Term
What suspends the ovary, uterine tubes, and uterus from the dorsolateral wall of the sublumbar regions?
Definition
broad ligament
Term
How is the broad ligament related to the peritoneum?
Definition
it's a reflection of the peritoneum
Term
The reproductive functions of the male:
Definition
-production of sperm
-deposition of sperm in female
Term
Sperm are produced in the ___ ___ of the testes and are then transported to the epididymis for maturation and storage.
Definition
seminiferous tubules
Term
In both males and females, the gonads originate where?
Definition
sublumbar region immediately caudal to kidneys
Term
What hormone helps the testes travel out of the abdominal cavity and into the scrotum?
Definition
testosterone
Term
Because the male repro system is so closely related to the urinary system, they are often collectively called the:
Definition
urogenital system
Term
Name the accessory sex glands in the male:
Definition
-ampullae
-vesicular glands
-prostate
-bulbourethral gland
Term
Ampullae (males)
Definition
-at junction of vas deferens / urethra
-contributes fluid to the semen
-NOT in boars
Term
Vesicular glands aka Seminal Vesicles
Definition
-caudal to neck of bladder
-adds fluid to semen
-NOT in dogs
Term
Prostate
Definition
-completely surrounds pelvic urethra
-alkaline secretion gives semen its characteristic odor
Term
Bulbourethral glands aka Cowper's glands
Definition
-at base of pelvis
-adds fluid and nutrients to semen
-NOT in dog
Term
The dog lacks what accessory sex organ/s?
Definition
-vesicular glands / seminal vesicles
-bulbourethral glands / Cowper's glands
Term
The boar lacks what accessory sex organ/s?
Definition
-ampullae
Term
Name and describe the 3 anatomical portions of the penis:
Definition
-glans: free extremity
-body: main portion
-crura: two muscular roots that attach it to ischial arch
Term
Where do urinary calculi sometimes lodge in the ram? How to Tx?
Definition
urethral process; amputate of urethral process
Term
Name the muscles of the male genitalia:
Definition
-external cremaster
-bulbospongiosus
-ischiocavernosus
-retractor penis
Term
external cremaster muscle
Definition
helps pull testes up toward body during periodso of cold or fright
Term
bulbospongiosus muscle
Definition
helps transport semen through pelvic urethra
Term
ischiocavernosus muscle
Definition
pulls penis upward and against pelvic floor to occlude venous return of blood, thus = erection
Term
Most of the venous blood drains through the penile veins on what surface of the penis?
Definition
dorsal surface
Term
retractor penis muscle
Definition
fulls flaccid penis back into prepuce
Term
How does the male avian repro tract different from that of mammals?
Definition
-internal testes
-no pampiniform plexus
-vas deferens terminates as papilla at cloaca
-vas deferens stores sperm
-phallic groove when aroused
-protodeum folds direct semen through groove
-tom/cock: no intromission
-ducks/geese: large phallus, intromission
Term
What is a "high flanker"?
Definition
male in which the testes descend into inguinal ring but not into scrotum
Term
Term to describe males that develop secondary sex characteristics before castration:
Definition
staggy
Term
Castrated male names:
Definition
-gelding (horse)
-steer (cattle)
-barrow (swine)
-wether (goat/sheep)
Term
vasectomy
Definition
removal of part of the vas deferens
Term
salpingectomy
Definition
removal of section of oviduct
Term
hysterectomy
Definition
removal of uterus
Term
ovariohysterectomy
Definition
removal of ovaries and uterus
Term
A great majority of the testicular mass consists of:
Definition
seminiferous tubules
Term
Other name/s for Sertoli cells:
Definition
-nurse cells
-sustentacular cells
Term
Where are Sertoli cells found?
Definition
they line the seminiferous tubules and nourish developing spermatozoa
Term
Other name/s for Leydig cells:
Definition
interstitial cells
Term
Where are Leydig cells found?
Definition
fill the interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules and secrete hormones that control spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics
Term
Structures that make up the spermatic cord:
Definition
-ductus deferens
-pampiniform plexus
-testicular nerve
-cremaster muscle
Term
The scrotum is lined with a smooth muscle called:
Definition
tunica dartos
Term
At the time of ejaculation, the accessory gland fluids are collectively known as the:
Definition
seminal plasma
Term
Seminal plasma contains ___.
Definition
prostaglandins
Term
What organs are involved in the production and secretion of repro hormones?
Definition
-hypothalamus
-AP
-PP
-ovaries
-testes
-adrenals
-uterus
-placenta
-epididymis (stallion)
Term
GnRH, LHRH stand for:
Definition
Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone
Term
What is a gonadal hormones? List them.
Definition
-hormone produced and secreted by ovaries, testes, placenta, uterus, and adrenals
-estrogen / testosterone
-PGF2a
-relaxin
-PMSG
-progesterone
Term
Testosterone is classified as...
Definition
male steroid hormone
Term
Estrogen and progesterone are classified as...
Definition
female steroid hormones
Term
The production of steroid hormones is called:
Definition
steroidogenesis
Term
What produces testosterone in the stallion?
Definition
testes (all animals) and epididymis
Term
What is a gonadotropic hormone? List them.
Definition
-hormone produced and secreted by the AP (tropin = to change)
-LH/ICSH, FSH, Prolactin
Term
ICSH
Definition
Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone; alternate name for LH in males
Term
What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?
Definition
-oxytocin
-GnRH/LHRH
Term
Function of GnRH?
Definition
-made by hypothalamus
-flows to AP
-stimulates production/release of LH, FSH
Term
What type of feedback system controls most production and secretion of repro hormones?
Definition
negative feedback
Term
What provides the biochemical building blocks for the synthesis of gonadal hormones:
Definition
cholesterol > pregnenolone > progesterone > testosterone > estrogen
Term
Name the ovulatory depression that fills up with progesterone-secreting yellow cells, eventually becoming the corpus luteum:
Definition
corpora hemorrhagica
Term
The principle function of estrogen is to cause...
Definition
cellular proliferation and growth of tissues related to repro
Term
Cells that secrete estrogen into the antrum of the Graafian follicle are called:
Definition
theca cells (come from granulosa cells)
Term
What does Relaxin do?
Definition
-secreted by CL
-dilation of cervix/vagina
-increased mammary gland growth pre-parturition
Term
Oxytocin is classified as a ____.
Definition
vasopressin
Term
Oxytocin in Greek means what?
Definition
rapid birth
Term
Oxytocin was synthesized in a lab in what year? Before this, doctors used an oxytocin-containing extract from PP of pigs called "___."
Definition
1953; POP
Term
Where precisely is PMSG produced? When?
Definition
endometrial cups of the pregnant mare from days 40 - 85 of pregnancy
Term
PMSG has functions similar to ___ and ___.
Definition
FSH, LH (stimulates growth of follicles in ovaries)
Term
PMSG in the mare results in the formation of...
Definition
numerous follicles which become functional accessory CLs that secrete progesterone
Term
What species has an abbreviated reproductive life? Why?
Definition
mare - original CL of ovulation doesn't produce enough progesterone to maintain pregnancy, so she has to use many follicles per pregnancy
Term
HCG stands for ___. When is it made? What is it used for?
Definition
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin; produced by placenta as early as 1 day post-implantation; pregnancy tests, Tx cystic ovaries in cows
Term
HCG has a ____ effect.
Definition
luteotophic effect on persistant ovarian follicle
Term
3 very well known PGF2a-like drugs used extensively in vet med are (names?). What are they used for?
Definition
Lutalyse & Estrumate in cattle, and Prostin in horse
-used for estrous synchronization, abortion
Term
Spermatozoa grow and mature in the ___ ___ between Sertoli cells.
Definition
basal compartment
Term
Once spermatogenesis is initiated, does it need FSH to continue?
Definition
No, except in seasonal polyestrus because no need for sperm production in anestrus period
Term
Photoperiods are regulated by what gland?
Definition
pineal gland
Term
What is an example of positive feedback in the male?
Definition
increased testes size > more Leydig cells > more testosterone > more release of GnRH > more ICSH
Term
Functions of testosterone:
Definition
-final maturation of spermatozoa
-prolongs viability of sperm in epididymis
-secondary sex characteristics
-increased sebaceous gland development
-libido
-increased protein anabolism > more muscle mass
-maturation/secretion of accessory sex glands
Term
At birth, the male's hypothalamus is under firm control of what? At puberty, what changes?
Definition
CNS; at puberty this wanes and GnRH no longer suppressed, can secrete in response to low testosterone levels
Term
A male or female is said to reach puberty when it is able to...
Definition
release gametes and manifest complete sexual behavior
Term
Onset of puberty in domestic species:
dog, cat, sheep, goat, swine
cattle
horses
Definition
d/c/s/g/s: 6mo
cattle: 12mo
horse: 15-18mo
Term
What is the meaning of "proud cut"?
Definition
refers to a gelding that shows stallion-like behavior due to an imcomplete castration which left behind part of the epididymis; this secretes significant amounts of testosterone
Term
A castrated male will have much higher plasma levels of (what hormone/s?) because there is no intact negative feedback mechanism.
Definition
LH, FSH
Term
Where is C-16 secreted?
Definition
saliva and urine of boar
Term
C-16 and testosterone together initiate growth and secretion of...? How does this affect other swine?
Definition
preputial diverticulum; odor brings prepubescent gilts into puberty and estrus
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