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Repro Test 1
Donnel Prado Whitlock
205
Veterinary Medicine
Graduate
09/02/2014

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Cards

Term
Which sex is considered to be the "induced" phenotype
Definition
Male
Term
In the presence f the Y chromosome, the _____ will be induced to form a testicle
Definition
Gonadal Ridge
Term
The ___ region of the Y chromosome promotes differentiation of these two cell types:
Definition
SRY; Sertoli, Leydig
Term
What cell type produces Mullerian Inhibitin Hormone?
Definition
Sertoli
Term
What cell type produces testosterone?
Definition
Leydig
Term
_____ hormone casues mullerian ducts to regress and _____ hormone causes wolffian ducts to differentiate
Definition
MIH; Testosterone
Term
The difference between true hemaphrodite and pseudo-hemaphrodite.
Definition
one or two types gonadal tissue
Term
when the testis detrmining region is translocated onto X during meiosis it causes a ______.
Definition
sex reversal
Term
Term for when a chromosomal male has feminine appearnace, male gonads, but no mullerian duct system
Definition
Testicular feminization
Term
What is the defect in testicular feminization?
Definition
Testosterone receptors
Term
When twins share a placenta and femal gets repro tract hypoplasia and other things from male hormones
Definition
Freemartin/ Chimera
Term
Common in cattle when have twins and female sterile
Definition
Freemartin/ Chimera
Term
What defines a freemartin male?
Definition
not possible
Term
When there are two cervices when there should be one
Definition
Uterus didelphis
Term
When there should be two uterine horns but only one
Definition
Uterus unicornis
Term
this can result in vaginal, cervical, and uterine distention. Maybe all the parts dont all make a tube
Definition
Imperforate hymen
Term
A luteinized cyst produces what hormone
Definition
Progesterone
Term
These look big and nasty on top of ovaries but dont see any associated pathology. Take em out- dont know what they are till after biopsy
Definition
Parovarian cysts
Term
This is a cyst on ovary that DOES cause pathology. Need to biopsy to be sure.
Definition
Cystic rete ovarii
Term
What species gets the endometrial cysts?
Definition
Horse
Term
What microbe often associated with ovarian abscess
Definition
Arcanobacter pyogenes
Term
Oophritis is really only common in these two species groups:
Definition
Birds; Snakes
Term
What hormone can a granulosa cell tumor make:
Definition
Estrogen, Progesterone, Androgen
Term
Why are we seeing less ovarian cystadenoma ( and many other problems)
Definition
Successful spay programom
Term
what hormone drives canine pyometra?
Definition
Progesterone
Term
zearalanone toxicosis can cause vaginal hyperplasia via increased levels of this hormone:
Definition
Estrogen
Term
Which part of placenta do you want to sample in an abortion?
Definition
Chorioallantoic
Term
You might see these normal "non lesions" in a horse or cow. They are just areas of squamous differentiation but look like fungi
Definition
Amniotic plaques
Term
Pile of sludge that accumulates within aminon. Typically range from really firm to friable- some are almost like silly puddy and you can bounce em. Not a lesion.
Definition
Hippomane
Term
Intercotyledonary space fills with these small cotyledons to compensate for fewer normal cotyledons.
Definition
Adventitial placentation
Term
These lumps gonna interfere with uterine placental interface typically implies previous damage to cow uterus- occasionally in horse
Definition
Allantoic cystic hyperplasia
Term
Placentas can become thickened due to mycotoxin from this plant
Definition
Fescue
Term
Equine placentitis can commonly be caused by this bacteria
Definition
Strep equi
Term
Necrosis and suppurative placentitis in BOTH cotyledonary and intercotyledonary areas in bovine is almost pathognomonic for this pathogen:
Definition
Brucella
Term
Liver with multifocal areas of necrosis in aborted lamb should make you think of two main pathogens:
Definition
Toxoplasma always ( campylobacter maybe)
Term
With a sheep or goat abortion your first worry is:
Definition
Toxoplasma
Term
Canine abortion with renal and hepatic hemorrhage makes one suspicious of:
Definition
Herpesvirus
Term
Blue tonuge virus causes what in fetal sheep?
Definition
Internal hydrocephalus and cerebella hypoplasia
Term
Very worrisome to this form of mastitis but fortunately not that common
Definition
Granulomatous
Term
Potential pathogens behind granulomatous mastitis
Definition
Mycobacterium; Brucella
Term
Chronic lymphocytic mastitis in sheep can be commonly caused by this agent
Definition
CAE
Term
Hormone involved in the pathogenesis of mammary neoplasia
Definition
Progesterone
Term
In canine mammary tumors, is it more common to them be malignant or benign?
Definition
Benign
Term
In feline mammary tumors, is it more common to them be malignant or benign?
Definition
Malignant
Term
In which species is cryptorchidism a dominant inherited trait?
Definition
Horse
Term
Cryptorchid testicles are predisposed to what type of neoplasia?
Definition
Sertoli
Term
Why are cryptorchid testes sterile?
Definition
Abdominal temp
Term
In what species might you see a traumatic orchitis?
Definition
Sheep
Term
Where does an orchitis normally originate?
Definition
Bacterial hematogenous
Term
What about a non-bacterial orchitis?
Definition
Blasto
Term
Name the neoplasia: You have a tan-white really firm testicle...
Definition
Sertoli cell tumor
Term
Name the neoplasia: testicle has more than one tumor type melding together
Definition
Collision tumor
Term
Name the neoplasia: Discrete birght yellow testicle with cysts and hemorrhage...
Definition
Leydig cell tumor
Term
Name the neoplasia: You have a grey-white soft testicle with some small focal hemorrhages....
Definition
Seminoma
Term
Name the neoplasia: Testicle has tumor that involves 2 or more germ layers
Definition
Teratoma
Term
Agent usually responsible for epididymitis
Definition
Brucella
Term
Where do paraprostatic cysts originate from?
Definition
Muellerian ducts that didn't fully reress
Term
Imbalance of what two hormones causes prostatic hyperplasia in intact dogs?
Definition
Estrogen:Testosterone
Term
In prostatic squamous metaplasia, acinar epithelial cells differntiate into:
Definition
Cuboidal squamous cells
Term
Prostatic squamous metaplasia is secondary to increased _______.
Definition
Estrogen
Term
Prostatic squamous metaplasia in ferrets with _____tumors
Definition
Adrenal
Term
Prostatic squamous metaplasia in dogs with _____tumors
Definition
Sertoli
Term
Prostatitis usually has ascended from____
Definition
Cystitis
Term
Inflammatory swelling of the prepuce which prevents extension of the penis
Definition
Phimosis
Term
Inability of penis to RETRACT back into a swollen prepuce
Definition
Paraphimosis
Term
Inflammation of the glans penis
Definition
Balantitis
Term
Inflammation of the prepuce. Also called "pizzle rot"
Definition
Posthitis
Term
inflammation of the penis AND prepuce together
Definition
Balantoposthitis
Term
Balantopsthitis can be due to _____ in cattle and _____ in horses
Definition
BHV-1; Equine coital exanthema
Term
Horses can get this neoplasia in penus/prepuce area and can often be confused with Habronema
Definition
SCC
Term
The Pituitary has two different origins. The anterior hypophysis comes from ____a____ and the posterior comes from __b___
Definition
Oral cavity; Brain floor
Term
Where are the neuronal bodies located that produce ADH and oxytocin which eventually comes out posterior hypophysis?
Definition
Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
Term
Where is GnRH produced?
Definition
Surge AND Tonic centers of hypothalamus
Term
Where are target cells for GnRH located?
Definition
Anterior pituitary
Term
What hormone type (kind of molecule) are LH and FSH?
Definition
Glycoprotein
Term
What hormone type (kind of molecule) are GnRH and Oxytocin?
Definition
Peptide (neuropeptide)
Term
What hormone type (kind of molecule) is equine chorionic gonadotropin?
Definition
Glycoprotein
Term
In a horse, equine chorionic gonadotropin (ECG) acts like (LH or FSH) but in many other species, behaves like (LH or FSH)
Definition
LH; FSH
Term
The ___ subunit is the same in all glycproteins
Definition
alpha
Term
The ___ subunit gives a glycoprotein its specific action
Definition
beta
Term
While before puberty females and males have both tonic and surge centers, after puberty the ____ center disappears from males
Definition
Surge center
Term
What enzyme is responsible for aromatizing testosterone to estradiol?
Definition
cP450 Aromatase
Term
What hormone is ultimately responsible for the destruction of surge center in male brains?
Definition
Estradiol
Term
alpha fetal protein prevents which hormone from entering the brain?
Definition
Estradiol
Term
What hormone can enter the brain vene in face of alpha fetal protein?
Definition
Testosterone
Term
Why don't men need surge centers?
Definition
They will produce sperm all the time till day they die
Term
What is the "surge" hormone
Definition
LH
Term
A normal female cattle will reach puberty at roughly ___% BW
Definition
60-65
Term
Average age of puberty bovine (months)
Definition
11
Term
Leptin from adipocytes might (inhibit/stimulate) GnRH production
Definition
Stimulate
Term
How many days until CL will have prostaglandin receptors?
Definition
5-7
Term
About how long are cows in estrus? (hours)
Definition
6-30
Term
What is a key sign a cow is in estrus?
Definition
Standing to be mounted
Term
What stage gamete is actually ovulated by most species except dogs?
Definition
Secondary oocyte
Term
During each follicular wave there are three stages. The first which is of small follicles goes through ____a___, the second of medium follicles goes through __b___ and the last wave of large follicles goes through ____c___ selection
Definition
a. Recruitment b. Selection c. Dominance
Term
In what period of development do we have the highest number of oocytes?
Definition
Prenatal
Term
Melatonin release increases with increased darkness. It has a (positive/negative) effect on GnRH in horses and (positive/negative) effect in sheep.
Definition
negative horse; positive sheep
Term
Can you name the 9 hormones that have a role in controlling estrus?
Definition
Progesteron, LH, FSH, Melatonin, GnRH, Estradiol, Prostaglandin, Inhibin, Oxytocin
Term
The decreased levels of this hormone allows the dominant follicle of a given wave will go on to ovulate
Definition
Progesterone
Term
The posterior pituitary and the ____ produce oxytocin
Definition
CL
Term
Oxytocin will induce _____ production in uterus which causes luteolysis
Definition
PGF2a
Term
___a___ produced by the trophoblasts of the conceptus blocks oxytocin receptors in the __b___
Definition
a. Interferon tao b. Uterus
Term
In the cow, PGF2a can reach the local CL of the ipsilateral side because of countercurrent exchange of __a__ arteries and __b__ veins
Definition
a. Ovarian b. Uterine
Term
Four Cardinal signs of preggos on rectal palpation
Definition
1. Amniotic vesicle 2. Chorioallantoic membrane slip 3. Placentomes 4. Fetus
Term
How many days of gestation needed to palpate the amniotic vesicle?
Definition
30
Term
How many days of gestation needed to palpate chorio-allantoic membrane slip (ipsilateral/bilateral)
Definition
35/48
Term
How many days of gestation needed to palpate the fetus
Definition
65
Term
How many days of gestation needed to palpate placentomes (according to NAVLE)
Definition
75
Term
Blood progesterone levels have high sensitivity and low spec for pregnancy. What then can you use this test for?
Definition
To confirm a cow is NOT pregnant
Term
A cow must be fresh for ___ days to prevent a false positive for Biopryn PAG
Definition
90
Term
When might you get a primary persistent CL
Definition
Never
Term
Inactive ovaries or "organic anestrus" is a problem with:
Definition
Nutrition
Term
In Cystic Ovarian Disease (COD) the ovarian cysts are defined as anovulatory structures greater than ____ mm and persist greater than ____ days
Definition
25/10
Term
Most consistent clinical sign with cystic ovarian disease (COD)
Definition
Anestrus
Term
Tx of cystic ovarian disease (COD)
Definition
GnRH?
Term
Mounting behavior correlates well with a rise in this hormone
Definition
LH
Term
With visual estrus detection, One must observe all cows ___X daily and for ___min each time.
Definition
2/30
Term
If you are using physically altered bulls for biological estrus detection. You need to do BOTH these procedures:
Definition
Epididymectomy; Altered penis
Term
Hormone that plays the major role in regulating estrous cycle length
Definition
Progesterone
Term
Estrus synchronization protocols affect the lenght of the _____phase
Definition
Luteal
Term
How many days old must a CL be for the PGF protocol for estrus synch to work?
Definition
7
Term
Estrus synch using progestins has the advantage of a better synchronization, however, a big disadvantage is:
Definition
Poor fertility at first estrus post withdrawal
Term
The Ovsynch protocl is as follows:
Day 0 give_____
Day 7 give______
Day 9 give______
Day 10 do this
Definition
GnRH
Prostaglandin
GnRH
AI
Term
What is the main problem with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?
Definition
Human abuse
Term
Two most common STD agents of cattle
Definition
Tritrichomonas; Campylobacter
Term
Once inseminated, will frsh or frozen sperm last longer?
Definition
Fresh
Term
Injections of what hormone are needed for superovulation in a donor cow for embryo collection?
Definition
FSH
Term
Where in the recipient cow are ya gonna put the donated embryo????
Definition
Ipsilateral to CL
Term
After boiled down, how many pregnancies can you expect to get out of one "flush"
Definition
2-3
Term
Average gestation for a cow is ___days
Definition
283
Term
Don't get convinced to do a c-section before __ days of gestation. Prob not cooked enough
Definition
270
Term
Deficiency in what vitamin can prolong gestation?
Definition
A
Term
The bun in oven of a cow becomes an embryo at day___
Definition
15
Term
The cow embryo becomes a fetus at day ____
Definition
42
Term
What day does baby cow move to the uterus
Definition
5
Term
If embryo dies AFTER day ____ the interestous period can be prolonged
Definition
15
Term
Twins are more common in beef or dairy?
Definition
Dairy
Term
What hormone maintains environment in uterus during pregnancy?
Definition
Progesterone
Term
Which is more likely to be reason behind unsuccessful pregnancy in cow: Fertilization problem,early embryonic loss, or late embryonic loss
Definition
Early embryonic death
Term
After month 7 of pregnancy, what is main source of P4?
Definition
Placenta
Term
Though not the most common condition seen with BVT (Bovine Venereal Tritrichomoniasis) this is pretty pathognomonic for it:
Definition
Post-coital pyometra
Term
Why can bulls be such great asymptomatic carriers of BVT and BVC?
Definition
Epithelial crypts in prepuce: ewww
Term
What is the most common sign you have a BVT problem?
Definition
Too many cows open and scattered
Term
Gold standard for Dx Tritrichomonas in bull?
Definition
3 cultures one week apart, starting with two weeks sexual rest
Term
Complication of preputial scrape to dx Tritrichomonas in bull?
Definition
abscess in penis
Term
One part of tx/ctrl BVT in a heard is to separate into two groups which are:
Definition
Preg/Not preg
Term
Campylobacter in cows is not zoonotic- however it is in:
Definition
Sheep
Term
When do you vax cows for Campylobacter?
Definition
2 weeks PRE breeding
Term
How many doses of Campylobacter vaccine do you need to give a bull
Definition
4-5
Term
Which adjuvant has evidence behind it that is works for Campylobacter vaccine?
Definition
Oil
Term
___% of normal pregancies will abort
Definition
2-5
Term
Remember: What is NOT the fate of a dead baby cow?
Definition
Resorption
Term
This agent can cause abortion in cattle. It's reportable and zoonotic beware!!
Definition
Brucella abortus
Term
You got a third trimester abortion.... what should def be on you list?
Definition
Brucella abortus
Term
Aborted placenta has areas of necrosis/supporation in both cotyledons and intercotyledonary areas!
Definition
Brucella abortus
Term
Brucella in males almost always causes
Definition
Orchitis/Epidydimitis
Term
Most common route of fetal infection in bovine
Definition
Hematogenous
Term
Morrocan leather PLACENTA
Definition
Brucella abortus
Term
With an abortion work up if have fetus submit these two organs for culture
Definition
Lung Stomach
Term
Why might brucella vax might be dangerous to you?
Definition
modified live
Term
what age do you vax heifers in months?
Definition
4-12
Term
What agent is number one diagnosed cause of viral abortion of cattle in north america?
Definition
BHV-1
Term
Bovine fetus has imbibition of blood everywhere
Definition
BHV-1
Term
This agent can cause necrotizing placentitis
Definition
BHV-1
Term
Dont give this vaccine to pregnant naive cows!
Definition
BHV-1
Term
Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis 1-3 days after breeding
Definition
BHV-1
Term
Infectious balantoposthitis
Definition
BHV-1
Term
This infectious agent can cause abortions over the entire gestation
Definition
BVDV
Term
Persistent infected calves have accepted virus during secondish trimester
Definition
BVDV
Term
Persistently infection cows always have persistenly infected calves (T/F)
Definition
True
Term
Most classic congenital defect of BVDV
Definition
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Term
two most common forms of uterine inflammation
Definition
Pyometra; Endometritis
Term
What is a potential sytemic sequelae of pyometra
Definition
Pyelonephritis
Term
What causes equine coital exanthema?
Definition
EHV-3
Term
Zearalanone toxicosis can cause ____hypertrophy and prolapse
Definition
Vaginal
Term
The uterus in the mare should be sterile but you might take a biopsy to look for this microrganism
Definition
Taylorella equigenitalis
Term
What histopath grade for an equine uterine biopsy is the worst? What is the chance the mare will foal?
Definition
III; less than 10%
Term
When collectin fetal samples for an abortion you want _____ contents for bacteriology and _____&_______ for virology
Definition
Abomasum; Liver and Lung
Term
Ingestion of what plant while pregnant can cause cylcops baby?
Definition
Veratium californicum
Term
Which genus is responsible for most of the fungal abortions?
Definition
Aspergillus
Term
When dx a fungal abortion and want to do titers- how long apart in weeks do oyu want to check them?
Definition
3
Term
If wait after ___ days of gestation to cause abortion, you will get the same problems from delivering mature baby.
Definition
120
Term
To do proper elective abortion, you need to wait until CL is atleast ___days old. You then administer ___ ASAP
Definition
7; PGF2a
Term
When inducing partuitions, almost all cows will have this complication:
Definition
Retained fetal membranes
Term
Two drugs used together for induction parturition
Definition
PGF2a, Dexamethasone
Term
Normal number of placetomes in cow plcenta is between __-___
Definition
80-120
Term
If fetus dies a sterile death- this is the most likely outcome
Definition
Fetal mummification
Term
Most common form of fetal mummification
Definition
Papyraceous
Term
Whats got a better prognosis: fetal mummification or maceration
Definition
Fetal mummification
Term
Result of fetal death with regressed CL and open cervix
Definition
Fetal maceration
Term
You rectally palpate and feel a "bag of bones" in uterus
Definition
Fetal maceration
Term
Most common form of hydrops
Definition
Hydrallantosis
Term
Form of hydrops usually associated with swallowing abnorrmalities of fetus
Definition
Hydramniosis
Term
When trying to save a cow with hydrops, what condition is your main concern?
Definition
Hypovolemic shock
Term
This is a possible result of hydrops and pretty much death sentence for cow
Definition
Prepubic tendon rupture
Term
With stage four vaginal prolapse, when should you send the cow to market?
Definition
AFTER calving
Term
Most effect method to keep from recurring vaginal prolapse
Definition
Buhner stitch
Term
Which method of stitching back vaginal prolapse ABSOLUTELY requires the owner vigilantly watch the cow, and remove the stitching right before calving?
Definition
Buhner stitch
Term
Fetal cortisol will cause conversion of production of Progesterone to _____ which will induce ______ production and parturition
Definition
Estrogen; PGF2a
Term
More than ----hours for birth is considered a retained fetal membrane
Definition
12
Term
Post partum check for ____and ____ in cow!
Definition
Spares and Tears
Term
a clockwise uterine torsion has which uterine ligament on top?
Definition
left
Term
Whats the fastest in days a normal uterine involution takes
Definition
45
Term
Three assocaition with metritis ( one infectious, and two birthing complications)
Definition
T. pyogenes; Dystocia; Retiained fetal membrane
Term
Tx for bovine pyometra
Definition
PGF2a
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