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renal
renal
57
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
03/15/2011

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Term
azotemia
Definition
a build up of nitrogenous wastes
Term
what are nitrogenous wastes?
Definition
urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine
Term
azotemia causes?
Definition
a build up of wastes that aren't excreted and a reduced electrolyes and fluid balance
Term
what causes acute renal failure?
Definition
decrease in blood flow, ischemia, toxic, obstruction, injury that causes obstruction
Term
how can renal failure be catagorized?
Definition
prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal
Term
what are the msot common cases of renal failure?
Definition
those that are prerenal and intrinsic
Term
can acute renal falure be reversed?
Definition
yes! only if the cells haven't died yet
Term
prerenal failure
Definition
decrease in blood flow. 
Term
what things canc ause prerenal failure?
Definition
hemorrage, impaired perfussion, sepsis, anaphylaxis, heart failure
Term
what are the elderly populations msot as risk for?
Definition
prerenal failure due to hypovolemia and renal vascular disorders. 
Term
what effects do prostaglandins have on the renal blood vessels?
Definition
it is a vasodilator
Term
how much blood do the kidenys recieve from the heart?
Definition
22 percent
Term
why does the kidney require a lot of blood?
Definition
to remove metabolic wastes and regulate body fluids and electrolytes
Term
as the renal blood flow is reduced what happens?
Definition
the GFR, electrolytes, energy dependent mechanisms are all reduced
Term
what is most susceptable to ischemic injury?
Definition
the tubular epitheleal cells
Term
as the GFR and urine approach zero what happens?
Definition
the oxygen is just enough to kee the renal tubules alive. if lower than ischemia kicks in
Term
prolonged renal hypoperfusion can lead to...?
Definition
death of the tubules 
Term
prerenal failure is manifested by?
Definition
decrease in urine output, disproportion between blood urea nitrogen and creatinine 
Term
how does the body respond to a decrease in GFR?
Definition
it will have a decrease in urine output
Term
 a low GFR allows for?
Definition
more time for small particles such as urea to be absorbed into blood. 
Term
post renal failure results from?
Definition
obstruction of urine outflow from the kidneys
Term
what is the most common underlying problem with postrenal failure?
Definition
prostatic renal failure
Term
how many ureters must be locked for postrenal failure?
Definition
both! it's fairly uncommon
Term
why do we get intrinsic renal failure?
Definition
results from conditions that cause dmage to the structures within the kidney
Term
what are the structures of the kidney that can have instrinsic renal failure?
Definition
glomerular, tubular, or interstitial
Term
what can cause intrinsic renal failure?
Definition
prerenal failure that resulted in ischemia and therefore damage to the kidney
Term
acute tubular necrosis
Definition
the detruction of the tubular epitheleal cells with supression of renal function
Term
what are tubular epitheleal cells particularly sensitive to?
Definition
ischemia and toxins
Term
is ATN reversable?
Definition
sometimes
Term
ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is common in patients with?
Definition
hypovolemia, major surgery, sepsis, trauma, or burns
Term
sepsis produces...?
Definition
ischemia by vasodilation, the generation of toxins, decreased perfussion
Term
ATn is...?
Definition
multifactorial
Term
T or F: with ATN the GFR does not improve?
Definition
true
Term
where do toxins affect the kidney?
Definition
the medullary portion
Term
ATN due to obstruction will have what contents?
Definition
myglobin, hemoblogin, uric acid, ecess uric acid in the urine
Term
t or f: myoglobin is normally not found in the urine?
Definition
true! if it does there is muscle trauma
Term
what are the 3 phases of ATN?
Definition
onset, maintenance, and recovery phase
Term
the maintenance phase is characterized by...?
Definition
a decrease in GFR and a marked increase in urea, potassium, and creatinine. little urine
Term
if oliguria is prolonged what will happen?
Definition
hypertension
Term
at what level does hyperkalemia symptoms usually crop up at?
Definition
over a 6
Term
what can dopamine do?
Definition
it can inhibite sodium reabsorption therefore decreasing the nephron work load
Term
what is one of the earliest manifestations of tubular damage?
Definition
the inability to concentrate urine
Term
what does renin do?
Definition
it maintains the blood pressure
Term
th kidneys help maintain the
Definition
acid base balance
Term
what else do the kidneys do?
Definition
make erythropoiten. maintain the fluid electrolytes balance
Term
hyperkalemia
Definition
too much potassium. too much will cause cardiac problems. 
Term
what makes vitamin d?
Definition
the kidneys
Term
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Definition
looks at protein synthesis. unrelated to nephron damage. a high protein diet can elevate the levels. 
Term
serum creatine gives us a clue about?
Definition
glomerular filtration rate, whcih helps us figure out the functionability of nephrons
Term
uremia
Definition
consequence of renal failure, fluid volume excess, electrolyre imbalance. 
Term
what causes azotemia?
Definition
uremia
Term
azotemia
Definition
increased serum urea level and increased creatinine
Term
oliguria
Definition
less than 30 cc/ hr
Term
less than 400 cc is...?
Definition
bad
Term
anurea
Definition
no urin output (less than 100 cc in a day)
Term
renal insufficiency
Definition
less than 75 percent of nephrons destroyed
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