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Renal Physiology
Lecture #1
52
Physiology
Graduate
11/04/2013

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Term
3 general functions of the kidney
Definition
metabolic functions
endocrine/paracrine functions
excretory functions
Term
metabolic process of synthesizing glucose from amino acids; occurs in the kidney & liver
Definition
gluconeogenesis
Term
3 hormones produced by kidney
Definition
calcitriol
erythropoietin (EPO)
renin
Term
3 excretory functions of kidney
Definition
clear body of metabolic products
clear body of foreign substances
regulation of body fluids & maintain homeostasis
Term
vitamin D is inactive until converted to this; also identified as 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D
Definition
calcitriol
Term
enzyme found in renal proximal tubular cells; responsible for final activation phase of calcitriol production
Definition
1-alpha-hydroxylase
Term
3 processes that calcitriol enhances
Definition
Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney
Ca2+ absorption from GI tract
Ca2+ resorption from bone
Term
formation of calcitriol is stimulated by this hormone
Definition
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Term
hormone produced by kidneys that stimulates bone marrow to increase production of erythrocytes
Definition
erythropoietin (EPO)
Term
EPO release is stimulated by a reduction in this
Definition
partial pressure of O2
Term
chronic renal disease results in this condition due to low EPO production
Definition
anemia
Term
Tx for anemia resulting from low EPO production
Definition
EPO shots
Term
enzyme of renin-angiotensin system (RAS)
Definition
renin
Term
cells in kidney which produce renin
Definition
juxtaglomerular (JG) granular cells
Term
renin catalyzes formation of this molecule from angiotensinogen
Definition
angiotensin I
Term
rate limiting molecule in the formation of angiotensin II
Definition
renin
Term
potent vasoconstrictor in the body
Definition
angiotensin II
Term
end physiological result of activation of RAS; result of holding onto more NA+ & H2O in the body
Definition
increased BP
Term
location where angiotensin-converting enzyme is found at high levels
Definition
lungs
Term
4 metabolic products cleared by the kidneys
Definition
uric acid
creatinine
urea
metabolites of hormones
Term
elevated levels of this metabolic product can lead to encephalopathy
Definition
urea
Term
precipitates of this metabolic product can lead to gout
Definition
uric acid
Term
organ which provides main route for clearance of:
1. drugs and their metabolites
2. pesticides
3. food additives
Definition
kidneys
Term
4 ways in which kidneys regulate of body fluids
Definition
volume (controls blood pressure)
osmolality of plasma
electrolyte balance
acid-base balance
Term
"pacemaker" cells may be present in this part of the kidney; these cells trigger peristalsis of ureters to move urine into bladder
Definition
calices
Term
at this volume in the bladder, the desire to void occurs
Definition
100 mL
Term
at this volume in the bladder, a person becomes uncomfortable
Definition
400 mL
Term
at this volume in the bladder, pain is felt
Definition
700 mL
Term
distention of the bladder induces a reflex contraction of ___ & relaxation of ___
Definition
detrusor; sphincter
Term
condition in males which causes incomplete emptying of the bladder
Definition
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
Term
these molecules coat the inside of the bladder to prevent absorption of toxic substances found naturally within the bladder
Definition
proteins
Term

functional unit of kidney;

made of the following structures: vascular segment tubular segment renal corpuscle where tuft of vascular capillaries (glomerulus) is surrounded by Bowman's capsule

Definition
nephron
Term
type of nephron near kidney surface
Definition
superficial
Term
type of nephron near border of cortex & medulla
Definition
juxtamedullary
Term
cell type found in kidney tubules
Definition
epithelial
Term
location of ALL glomeruli
Definition
cortex
Term
unique vascular set up in glomeruli
Definition
afferent *arteriole-->capillary-->efferent *arteriole
Term
significance of arteriole-->capillary-->arteriole vascular set up in glomeruli
Definition
maintains high P in capillaries; allows for filtration to occur
Term
specialized cell type located where nephron tubule comes back in contact with vascular segment of nephron for a second time
Definition
macula densa
Term
peritubular capillaries which are associated with juxtamedullary nephrons
Definition
vasa recta
Term
arterioles leading INTO glomerulus
Definition
afferent
Term
arterioles leading AWAY from glomerulus
Definition
efferent
Term
filtration + secretion - reabsorption = ?
Definition
excretion
Term
transfer of molecules from peritubular capillary or interstitial space INTO tubular lumen of nephron; opposite of reabsorption
Definition
secretion
Term
removal of substance from the body
Definition
excretion
Term
transfer of molecules from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's space
Definition
filtration
Term
transfer of molecules from tubule into peritubular capillaries; back into body; opposite of secretion
Definition
reabsorption
Term
example of a substance that is 100% reabsorbed
Definition
glucose
Term
example of a substance that is ~50% reabsorbed
Definition
urea
Term
% of filtered water that is reabsorbed
Definition
99%
Term
% of filtered sodium that is reabsorbed
Definition
99.4%
Term
% of filtered potassium that is reabsorbed
Definition
86.1%
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