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Renal Definitions
Virginia Tech BMVS 4065
39
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
04/26/2008

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Term
Kidney
Definition

Filters that remove metabolic products and toxins from the blood. Produce hormones involved in erythrogenesis, calcium metabolism, and regulation of blood pressure and flow.

 

Divided into three regions, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis 

Term
Ureter
Definition
Tube that conducts urine from the Kidneys to the Urinary Bladder by peristaltic waves conducted along a syncytium of smooth muscles cells.
Term
Urinary Bladder
Definition
Acts as a temporary reservoir for the urine until it can be removed. Holds up to about 600 mL.
Term
Urethra
Definition
Tubular structure that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside.
Term
Renal Cortex
Definition
Part of Kidney, contains glomeruli, blood vessels and capillaries, and larger number of renal tubules.
Term
Renal Medulla
Definition

Part of Kidney. Contains no glomeruli and consists of parallel arrangment of renal tubules and small blood vessels.

 

Typically divided into 8 to 18 conically shaped pyramids.

Term
Renal Pelvis
Definition
Expansion of the upper end of a ureter
Term
Renal Columns
Definition
Extension of cortical tissue that dips down into the medulla between renal pyramids.
Term
Renal Pyramids
Definition
Subdivision of the Renal Medulla. The tip of each pyramid terminates in the renal pelvis.
Term
Nephron
Definition
Functional unit of the Kidney. Fixed, irreplacable number set at birth, typically 800,000 to 1,200,000 per Kidney. Composed of the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule. Two types of nephrons, cortical and juxtamedullary.
Term
Cortical (superficial) Nephrons
Definition
~90% of all nephrons. Located with the glomerulus near the surface of the Kidney. Very short loops of Henle. Handles fluid and solute reabsorption of the renal cortex.
Term
Renal Corpuscle
Definition
Consists of Bowman's Capsule, Glomerulus, Afferent and Efferent Arterioles
Term
Glomerulus
Definition
Network of blood capillaries that filter the blood. The filtrate enters the bowmans capsule.
Term
Bowman's Capsule
Definition
Cup-shaped top of nephron that surrounds the glomerulus. Filtrate passes through to the proximal convoluted tubule.
Term
Afferent Arteriole
Definition
Carries unfiltered blood into the Glomerulus
Term
Efferent Arteriole
Definition
Carries filtered blood away from the Glomerulus.
Term
Renal Tubule
Definition
Divided into Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, and Collecting Duct.
Term
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Definition
First segment of renal tubule. Lies nearest to the tubules origin from Bowman's Capsule. Primary site for Tubular Reabsorption.
Term
Loop of Henle
Definition
Consists of a Straight Decending Limb, Hairpin Loop, and a Straight Ascending Limb.
Term
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Definition
Part of Tubule nearest to the Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle. Extension of the Ascending Limb.
Term
Collecting Duct
Definition
Straight Part of a Renal Tubule. Distal Tubules of several Nephrons join together here.
Term
Vasa Recta
Definition
Provide capillary networks for tubules located in the medulla. Formed from Efferent Arterioles from Juxtamedullary Glomeruli.
Term
Glomerular Filtration
Definition
First step in formation of urine. Glomerulus ultrafiltrates blood plasma. Average filtration rate ranges from 90-140 mL/min for men and 80-125 mL/min for women.
Term
Glomerular Filtration Barrier
Definition
Determines the composition of plasma ultrafiltrate during Glomerular Filtration.
Term
Renal Clearance
Definition
Hypothetical volume of plasma from which the Kidney removes all of a substance per unit time. Used to measure GFR.
Term
Tubular Reabsorption
Definition
Process where substances are returned to the blood from the renal tubules.
Term
Tubular Transport Maximum (Tm)
Definition
Upper limit for the amount of substance than can be transported (e.g. reabsorbed) per unit time.
Term
Autoregulation
Definition
When the RBF and GFR are held constant over systemic mean arterial pressure range 90 - 200 mmHg
Term
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Definition
Hormone that controls water excretion by the kidneys by facilitating the reabsorption of water by the collecting tubule and duct. Primary target is the collecting tubule and duct.
Term
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Definition
Synthesized by myocardial cells of the atrium. Released by stretch of the atrium. Increases sodium and water excretion. Inhibits ADH, Aldosterone and Renin secretion/effects. Causes vasodilation within the Kidney
Term
Prostaglandins
Definition
Lipid molecules, prevent excessive reductions in renal blood flow and renal ischemia.
Term
Renal Failure
Definition
When the Kidney's shut down and no longer make urine. Blood is not cleaned of waste. If it's acute renal failure where it develops suddenly, it can cause death in days.
Term
Renal Plasma Clearance of PAH
Definition
Test that measures total blood flow to the Kidneys
Term
Inulin Clearance
Definition
Test that Measures GFR
Term
Plasma Creatine Concentration
Definition
Test that provides an index of renal function
Term
Urinary Albumin Excretion Rate of Blood Albumin
Definition
If this test level is slightyl higher than normal it often indicates the first sign of renal damage caused by diabetes or hypertension
Term
Plasma Urea Concentration
Definition
Inability to excrete urea in addition to acidosis (high H+) and elected K+ concentration which may lead to uremic coma and death.
Term
Dialysis
Definition
Process of cleaning blood externally as treatment terminal renal failure. Small molecules and ions such as water, urea, and potassium diffuse into injected solution which is then drained and discarded.
Term
Hemodialysis
Definition
Artificial Kidney used usually three times a week for 4 to 6 hours. Cannot correect anemia, difficult in controlling hypertension, risk for infection and hemorage, costly, doesn't maintain normal growth and development in children.
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