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Renaissance Art - Terms
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Art History
Undergraduate 1
11/11/2013

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Term
Rebirth
Definition
Cultural rebirth, Vasari believed rebirth occured originally in Italy, revival of classical antiquity. First used and defined by French historian Jules Michelet in his 1855 work, Histoire de France
Term
Revival of Classical Antiquity
Definition
The return to ancient roman themes and styles in painting, sculpting and architecture. Greater attention to nature, emotions and creation of narratives (Humanism & Naturalism)
Term
Naturalism
Definition
Depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting
Term
Humanism
Definition
Humanism was a move away from a religious view of the world, where God and the Church were the centre of the social and cultural focus, to one which saw human beings as being the agents of their own destiny and thus the focus of society and culture.

A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized secular concerns as a result of the rediscovery and study of the literature, art, and civilization of ancient Greece and Rome.
Term
Proto-Renaissance
Definition
The cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy are collectively referred to as the Quattrocento, from the Italian for the number 400. Quattrocento encompasses the artistic styles of the late Middle Ages (most notably International Gothic) and the early Renaissance.
Term
Italian City-States
Definition
The Italian city-states were a political phenomenon of small independent states mostly in the central and northern Italian peninsula between the 10th and 15th centuries.

Venice, Milan, Florence, Genoa, Pisa, Siena, Lucca, Cremona and many others, had become large trading metropolises, able to conquer independence from their formal sovereigns.
Term
Different Artistic Schools
Definition
The schools of Siena & Florence were very important to the Proto-Renaissance
Term
Italo-Byzantine Style
Definition
Maniera greca, characterized by a strict formality, a linear flatness, a shallow space, and an emphasis on the spiritual.

Bonaventura Berlinghieri and Cimabue
Term
Gold Leaf
Definition
Used greatly in the Italo-Byzantine Style works to show wealth.
Term
Tempera
Definition
A permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium, or egg whites
Term
Mendicant Orders
Definition
Revival of the vows of poverty in the monastery
Term
Franciscans
Definition
Mendicant order formed by Saint Francis Assisi
Term
High Altar
Definition
The chief altar in a church, raised on an elevated plane in the sanctuary, where it may be seen simultaneously by all the faithful in the body of the church.
Term
Fresco
Definition
A technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the pigment and, with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall
Term
Foreshortening
Definition
Seen from an angle. An aspect of perspective.

The size of an object's dimensions along the line of sight are relatively shorter than dimensions across the line of sight
Term
Chiaroscuro
Definition
Contrasts between light and dark
Term
Narrative
Definition
Telling of a story through pictoral fields
Term
Civic Values
Definition
Lorenzetti created paintings to show the effects of good government in the city & country.

Civic pride was the subject of many paintings
Term
Vasari
Definition
Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing.
Term
Council
Definition
Term
Guild
Definition
The guilds were very powerful institutions in Florence, playing a prominent role in the life of the city, both in terms of their political influence and also as wealthy patrons of the arts.
Term
Medici Family
Definition
(ruled 1434-1494)
Term
Gold Florin
Definition
The Italian florin was a coin struck from 1252 to 1533. Was the unit of exchange for many years.
Term
Cathedral of Santa Maria Del Fiore
Definition
Duomo of Florence. Engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.
Term
Wool Merchants' Guild
Definition
Two of the Guilds had their headquarters very near Orsanmichele. Opposite the entrance to the church, you can see the 14th century Palazzo dell’Arte della Lana (The Palace of the Wool Merchants’ Guild). The palace is joined to the upper floor of the Orsanmichele by a huge arch, which spans the via dell’ Arte della Lana.
Term
Civic Pride
Definition
Term
Artistic Competition
Definition
In 1401, a competition was announced by the Arte di Calimala (Cloth Importers Guild) to design doors which would eventually be placed on the north side of the baptistry. with 21-year old Ghiberti winning the commission.
Term
Prefiguration
Definition
to show or suggest that something will happen in the future
Term
Niches
Definition
A niche in classical architecture is an exedra or an apse that has been reduced in size, retaining the half-dome heading usual for an apse. One of the earliest buildings which uses external niches containing statues is the Church of Orsanmichele in Florence, built between 1380-1404.
Term
Sculptors Guild
Definition
Between 1380 and 1404 Orsanmichele was converted into a church used as the chapel of Florence's powerful craft and trade guilds
Term
Freestanding Sculpture
Definition
Sculpture in the round, not attached to any wall or fixture. New to this era. from classical antiquity
Term
Contrapposto
Definition
Most of the weight on one foot so that the shoulders and arms twist off-axis from the hips and legs. From classical antiquity
Term
Nude
Definition
More artists starting to focus on the nude form, and show it in relation to some sort of divinity
Term
Altarpiece
Definition
An altarpiece is a picture or relief representing a religious subject and suspended in a frame behind the altar of a church.
Term
International Gothic Style
Definition
In this period, artists and portable works such as illuminated manuscripts traveled widely around the continent, creating a common aesthetic among the royalty and higher nobility and considerably reducing the variation in national styles among works produced for the courtly elites.
Term
Atmospheric Perspective
Definition
As the distance between an object and a viewer increases, the contrast between the object and its background decreases, and the contrast of any markings or details within the object also decreases. The colours of the object also become less saturated and shift towards the background color, which is usually blue, but under some conditions may be some other color (for example, at sunrise or sunset distant colors may shift towards red).
Term
Single Point Perspective
Definition
an approximate representation, on a flat surface (such as paper), of an image as it is seen by the eye. The two most characteristic features of perspective are that objects are drawn:
Smaller as their distance from the observer increases
Foreshortened: the size of an object's dimensions along the line of sight are relatively shorter than dimensions across the line of sight. All lines recede to one point in the background
Term
Donors
Definition
Term
Drawing
Definition
Disegno
Term
Neoplatonism
Definition
Renaissance artists, therefore, would be looking at the beauty of the human body or the natural landscape as a reflection of the divine, and contemplating the journey from the earthly to the divine.
Term
Flanders
Definition
We often think of the Renaissance as an entirely Italian phenomenon, but in northern Europe, in an area known as Flanders (which is the northern portion of Belgium today) there was also a Renaissance. Though profoundly different, the Italian and Northern Renaissances shared a similar interest in the natural world, and recreating the illusion of reality in their paintings and sculptures.
Term
Dukes of Burgundy
Definition
Great patrons of the arts in the northern renaissance Their interests were along the lines of illuminated manuscripts, tapestries and furnishings
Term
Triptych
Definition
Merode alterpiece is one. a work of art (usually a panel painting) that is divided into three sections, or three carved panels which are hinged together and can be folded shut or displayed open.
Term
Private Devotion
Definition
Something that was becoming more common in the Northern Renaissance. Art was made for the home instead of public spaces.
Term
Oil Painting
Definition
Most Renaissance sources, in particular Vasari, credited northern European painters of the 15th century, and Jan van Eyck in particular, with the "invention" of painting with oil media on a wood panel support ("support" is the technical term for the underlying backing of a painting). However, Theophilus (Roger of Helmarshausen?) clearly gives instructions for oil-based painting in his treatise, On Various Arts, written in 1125. At this period it was probably used for painting sculptures, carvings and wood fittings, perhaps especially for outdoor use. Early Netherlandish painting in the 15th century was, however, the first to make oil the usual painting medium, and explore the use of layers and glazes, followed by the rest of Northern Europe, and only then Italy.
Term
Polyptech
Definition
generally refers to a painting (usually panel painting) which is divided into sections, or panels.
Term
Archers Guild
Definition
Term
High Renaissance
Definition
is the period denoting the apogee of the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance. The High Renaissance period is traditionally taken to begin in the 1490s, with Leonardo's fresco of the Last Supper in Milan and the death of Lorenzo de' Medici in Florence, and to have ended in 1527 with the sacking of Rome by the troops of Charles V.

Since the late eighteenth century, the High Renaissance has been taken to refer to a short (c. 30-year) period of exceptional artistic production in the Italian states, principally Rome, capital of the Papal States, under Pope Julius II. Assertions about where and when the period begins and ends vary, but in general the best-known exponents of painting of the High Renaissance, include Leonardo da Vinci, early Michelangelo and Raphael. Extending the general rubric of Renaissance culture, the visual arts of the High Renaissance were marked by a renewed emphasis upon the classical tradition, the expansion of networks of patronage, and a gradual attenuation of figural forms into the style later termed Mannerism. (1495-1520)
Term
Renaissance Man
Definition
is a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject areas; such a person is known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems. The term was first used in the seventeenth century but the related term, polyhistor, is an ancient term with similar meaning.

These thinkers embodied a notion that emerged in Renaissance Italy and that was expressed by one of its most accomplished representatives, Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472), that "a man can do all things if he will."[3] The concept embodied a basic tenet of Renaissance humanism, that humans are empowered and limitless in their capacity for development, and it led to the notion that people should embrace all knowledge and develop their capacities as fully as possible.

The term applies to the gifted people of the Renaissance who sought to develop their abilities in all areas of knowledge as well as in physical development, social accomplishments, and the arts, in contrast to the vast majority of people of that age who were not well educated. This term entered the lexicon during the twentieth century and has been applied to great thinkers living before and after the Renaissance.
Term
Sfumato
Definition
Misty haziness
Term
Preparatory Drawing
Definition
Term
Scientific Observation
Definition
Term
Catholic Kings
Definition
The beginning of the Renaissance in Spain is closely linked to the historical-political life of the monarchy of the Catholic Monarchs
Term
Pope Julius II
Definition
"The Warrior Pope",[2] born Giuliano della Rovere, was the head of the Catholic Church from 1 November 1503 to his death in 1513. His papacy was marked by an active foreign policy, ambitious building projects, and patronage for the arts—he commissioned the destruction and rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica, plus Michelangelo's decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. 1503-13
Term
Saint Peter's Basilica
Definition
Term
Central-plan Church
Definition
central-plan church (as opposed to the longitudinal basilica), in which the altar is set in a circular or polygonal building, or one with four equal arms (the so- called Greek Cross).
Term
Dome
Definition
Rounded vault resting on circular or cylindrical base
Term
Golden Legend
Definition
Medieval compilation of lives of saints
Term
Platonic Idea
Definition
Term
Terribilità
Definition
Michelangelo. One of the qualities most admired by his contemporaries was his terribilità, a sense of awe-inspiring grandeur
Term
Ignudi
Definition
Term
Paul III
Definition
the head of the Catholic Church from 13 October 1534 to his death in 1549. He came to the papal throne in an era following the sack of Rome in 1527 and rife with uncertainties in the Catholic Church following the Protestant Reformation. During his pontificate, and in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation, new Catholic religious orders and societies, such as the Jesuits, the Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Oratory, attracted a popular following. He convened the Council of Trent in 1545. He was a significant patron of the arts and employed nepotism to advance the power and fortunes of his family.
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
95 Theses (1517) German monk, Catholic priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of a reform movement in 16th century Christianity, subsequently known as the Protestant Reformation.[1] He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar, with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517.
Term
Reformation
Definition
The Protestant Reformation was the schism within Western Christianity initiated by John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other early Protestants. It was sparked by the 1517 posting of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to ("protested") the doctrines, rituals, leadership, and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, led to the creation of new national Protestant churches.
Term
Counter-Reformation
Definition
The Counter-Reformation (also the Catholic Revival[1] or Catholic Reformation) was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), which is sometimes considered a response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements:
Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration
Religious orders
Spiritual movements
Political dimensions
Term
Poesia
Definition
Paintings meant to operate in a manner similar to poetry
Term
Mood
Definition
Term
Color
Definition
Colorito. importance of color versus drawing
Term
Venus Pudica
Definition
a term used to describe a classic figural pose in Western art. In this, an unclothed female (either standing or reclining) keeps one hand covering her private parts. (She is a modest lass, this Venus.) The resultant pose - which is not, incidentally, applicable to the male nude - is somewhat asymmetrical and often serves to draw one's eye to the very spot being hidden.
Term
Woodcut
Definition
Term
Engraving
Definition
Term
Parallel Hatching
Definition
Term
The "Master" Prints
Definition
(1513-1515)
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