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Religious Art
Chapters 7-9, 23
219
Art History
11th Grade
11/12/2013

Additional Art History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Figurative art
Definition
shows human figures in a setting not intended as a portrait
Term
allegorical art
Definition
objects and figures have symbolic meaning
Term
genre art
Definition
portrays a scene from everyday life with focus on activity
Term
painterly
Definition
painting technique using patches of color, not smooth brushstrokes
Term
A.B.E.
Definition
"Art Beyond Europe" art that isn't from European ancestry
Term

synagogue

 

Definition

Judaism place of worship

any large room where Torahs are kept

Term
narthex
Definition

vestibule in basilica synagogues

entrance room before church

[image]

Term
diocese
Definition
organized geographic units for religious purposes
Term
bishop
Definition
senior church officials who serve as governors
Term
parish
Definition

smaller dioceses headed by priests

local church

Term
cathedral
Definition

a bishop's church

"chair"/"bishop's throne"

Term
liturgy
Definition

religous ceremony/mass

Bible studied in chunks

Term
Eucharist
Definition

Mass/Holy Communion

ceremonies based off past 'events'

Term
syncretism
Definition
blending of traditions and artistic styles
Term
orant figure
Definition
figure with arms outstretched
Term
lunette
Definition
semicircular wall section
Term
cubicula
Definition
small room in a catacomb
Term
transept
Definition

wing crossing the nave in front of apse

[image]

Term
spandrel
Definition
[image]
Term
ambulatory
Definition

barrel-vaulted passageway

[image]

Term
putti
Definition
naked cherubs derived from pagan art
Term
naos
Definition

main body of church

processional core

Term
oratory
Definition
small chapel
Term
cruciform
Definition
cross-shape
Term
conch
Definition
semi-dome
Term
pendentive
Definition

triangular curving vault section

[image]

Term
squinches
Definition
[image]
Term
martyrium
Definition
church built over the grave of a martyr
Term
pilgrimage church
Definition
site attracting visitors that want to venerate relics
Term
relic
Definition
remains or objects associated wtih a saint
Term
scriptoria
Definition
writing centers for scribes
Term

parchment

 

Definition
thin sheets of sheep or calfskin
Term
vellum
Definition
soft, light parchment
Term
codex
Definition
vellum sheets bound together like a book
Term
iconostasis
Definition

screen that Mass takes place behind

wall decorated with icons

Term
Pantokrator
Definition
Christ as ruler of the universe in Orthodox Christianity
Term
Golgotha
Definition
site of Adam's burial and Jesus' crucifixion
Term
doge
Definition

"duke"

Venice's ruler

Term
psalter
Definition
book for wealthy Christians with psalms from Bible copied inside
Term
mandorla
Definition
round or almond-shaped halo around a holy figure
Term
Shabbat
Definition

Jewish day of rest

remember creation of heavens and earth in six days and the Exodus of the Hebrews

No work

before sunset on Friday until appearance of 3 stars in sky on Sat night

lighting candles and reciting blessing

3 festive meals

Term
Yom Ha'atzmaut
Definition

Jewish holiday

national day of Israel celebrating 1948 independence

5th of Iyar according to Hebrew calendar

Term
Yom HaShoah
Definition

Jewish holiday

Holocaust remembrance day

 

Term

Yom Kippur

 

Definition

Jewish holiday

day of atonement

holiest day of year

day of fasting and prayer

Term
Hanukkah
Definition

Jewish holiday

festival of lights/ feast of dedication

eight days

celebrates rededication of the Holy/Second Temple in Jerusalem

November or December

candelabra- nine branched menorah

Term
Rosh Hashanah
Definition

Jewish New Year

feast of the lord/feast of trumpets

2 days

anniversary of creation of adam and eve

sound a shofar (hollowed-out ram's horn) and eat symbolic food

Term
[image]
Definition

David Battling Goliath

Early Byzantine

Term
[image]
Definition

Wall with Torah NIche, Syria

Jewish

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Mosaic floor of the Beth Alpha synagogue

jewish

Term
[image]
Definition

The Good Shepherd

Early Christian

Term
[image]
Definition

Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome

ea christ

 

longitudinal plan

Term
[image]
Definition

Church of Santa Sabina, Rome

ea christ

 

brick, plain exterior

Term
[image]
Definition

Church of Santa Sabina, Rome

ea christ

 

marble veneer interior

corinthian spolia columns from pagan building

Term
[image]
Definition

Plan and Section of Curch of Santa Costanza, Rome

ea christ

 

central plan

dome symbolizing vault of heaven

Term
[image]
Definition

Church of Santa Costanza, Rome

ea christ

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Church of Santa Costanza, Rome

ea christ

 

mausoluem of constantina until church

ambulatory encircling tall rotunda

marble veneer and mosaics

Term
[image]
Definition

Harvesting of Grapes, Santa Costanza, Rome

ea christ

 

mosaic in ambulatory vault

bust portrait of constantina surrounded by grape vines, putti and birds

trampling grapes= death and resurrection

Term
[image]
Definition

Oratory of Galla Placidia, Ravenna

ea christ

 

oratory attatched to narthex of church

cruciform

plain exterior, exquisite mosaic interior

Term
[image]
Definition

Oratory of Galla Placidia, Ravenna

ea christ

Term
[image]
Definition

Good Shepherd, Galla Placidia, Rabenna

ea christ

 

lunette over entrance

jesus as young adult wearing royal robes

paganish

sheep rep christians

Term
[image]
Definition

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, Vatican

ea christ

Term
[image]
Definition

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul

ea byzantine

 

architects; anthemius and isoidorus

"Holy Wisdom"

commissioned by Justinian and Theodora

rep imperial power and chrstian glory

longitudinal and central plan

Term
[image]
Definition

Plan of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul

ea byzan

Term
[image]
Definition

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul

ea byzan

 

church to mosque to museum

pendentives

Term
[image]
Definition

Section of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul

ea byzan

Term
[image]
Definition

Plan and Cutaway drawing, CHurch of San Vitale, Ravenna

ea byzantine

Term
[image]
Definition

Church of San Vitale, Ravenna

ea byzantine

Term
[image]
Definition

Church of San Vitale, Ravenna

ea byzan

Term
[image]
Definition

Emperor Justinian and His Attendants, San Vitale

E Byzantine

 

haloed justinian with royal outfit

golden paten to donate to san vitale

jeweled cross and other symbols

Term
[image]
Definition

Empress Theodora and her Attendants, San VItale

ea byzan

 

pearls protectfrom disease

golden chalice as offer to christ

overlapping

Term
[image]
Definition

Transfiguration of Christ, Church of Sant'Apollinare

ea byzan

 

St Apollinare was first bishop of ravenna

mosaic in apse

disciples rep by sheep

Term
[image]
Definition

Church of Sant'Apollinare, Classe

ea byzan

Term
[image]
Definition

Church of Sant'Apollinare, Classe

ea byzan

Term
[image]
Definition

Crucifixion and Iconoclasts, Chuldov Psalter

Ea byzan

Term
[image]
Definition

Cathedral of Santa Sophia, Kiev

mid byzan

 

commission by grand prince yaroslav

russian orthodox

Term
[image]
Definition

Christ Pantokrator, Church of Dormition, Daphni

mid byzan

Term
[image]
Definition

Crucifixion, Church of Dormition, Daphni

mid byzan

 

emotional

flowers=new life

virgin mary and apostle john

blood and water= eucharist and baptismal

Term
[image]
Definition

Cathedral of Saint Mark, Venice

mid byzan

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Cathedral of Saint Mark, Venice

mid byzan

 

greek cross plan

marble veneer and golden mosaics

Term
[image]
Definition

Cathedral of Saint Mark, Venice

mid byzan

Term
[image]
Definition

Virgin of Vladmir

mid byzan

 

constantinople

to inspire prayer

Term
[image]
Definition

Harbaville Triptych

mid byzan

 

mary and john interceed for creator

apostles underneath

Term
[image]
Definition

Church of Monastery of Christ in Chora, Anastasis

late byzan

Term
animal symboles of 4 evangelists
Definition

matthew angel

mark lion

luke ox

john eagle

Term
4 multiple-dome church plans
Definition

domed greek cross

greek cross dome over square plan

quincunx over sq plan

expanded quincunx

Term
similarities and differences between judaism, christianity and islam
Definition

monotheistic; near east; written records of god's will and words

 

judaism= await savior, old testament

christianity= jesus, bible

islam= muhammad, qur'an

 

j/c= roman empire

j=hebrew

i=arabic

Term
moses
Definition

prophet led hebrews out of egypt slavery

10 commandments

Term
canaan
Definition

origin of hebrews

god promised abraham would be homeland

Term
mount sinai
Definition
where moses was given 10 commandments
Term
ark of the covenant
Definition
gold-covered wooden box containing commandments
Term
saint jerome
Definition

set order of new testament

translated bible from greek to latin

Term
narrative vs iconic images
Definition

narratives tell stories

icons are figures representing ideas and values

Term
how edict of milan affected christian art and arch
Definition

freedom of religion within roman empire

christians able to expand, alter and study religion openly

churches to gather

allowed religious images to be produces

Term
cycles of christ's life
Definition

Incarnation (annunciation, nativity, flight to egypt)

Ministry (baptism, lazarus, transfiguration, tribute $)

Passion (jerusalem, last supper, betrayal, crucifixion, resurrection, ascension)

Term
justinian I and affect on byzantine culture and art
Definition

early byzantine

power, wealth and cultural peak

commissioned spectacular art and arch (Hagia Sophia, San Vitale mosaics and propaganda)

Term
bishop ecclesius
Definition

early byzantine

bishop of ravenna

commissioned church of san vitale inravenna and church of sant'apollinare in classe

 

Term
reasons behind iconoclasm
Definition

feared could lead to idolatry 

distract worshippers

blamed weakening of Byzantine empire on god's displeasure of idols

Term

conventions of middle byzantine church architecture

 

and

 

example

Definition

multiplicity of geometric forms, verticality and rich decorations

 

monastery of hosios loukas

Term
conventions of byzantine figure painting
Definition
salient contours, elongated bodies and limited number of figures
Term
how long did early byzantine last
Definition
600-726
Term
idolatry and islam
Definition

worship of an idol

wrong bc only worship to god directly, or polytheism

no saints or prophets

Term
mosque/masjid
Definition

religious and social site of islam

place of prostration

Term
tiraz
Definition
embroidery, usually arabic letters
Term
aniconism
Definition
avoidance of figural imagery, seen in islam
Term
caliph
Definition
successor to the prophet
Term
arabesques
Definition
complex vine designs, islam
Term
kufic
Definition
angular arabic script
Term
lusterware
Definition
shiny pottery painted with glaze mixed with silver, copper or gold
Term
tugra
Definition
calligraphy for political use
Term
warp
Definition

vertical elements of knotted carpet

[image]

Term
weft
Definition

horizontal weaving strands of knotted carpet

[image]

Term
prostration
Definition
placing one's body in a spiritually submissive position
Term
mihrab
Definition

niche in the qibla wall

[image]

Term
minbar
Definition

high platform or pulpit in a mosque

[image]

Term
imam
Definition

islamic prayer leader

 

Term
muqarnas
Definition

small niche-like features in arches of islamic arch

 

Term
minaret
Definition
large tower in mosque in which faithful are called to prayer
Term
qibla wall
Definition
wall in mosque nearest mecca with mihrab niche
Term
maqsura
Definition
enclosure in front of mihrabto protect prayer leader
Term
madrasa
Definition
islamic colleges for religous and legal studies
Term
iwan
Definition

large vaulted halls with monumental arched openings

[image]

Term
[image]
Definition

The Kaaba, Mecca

early islamic

Term
[image]
Definition

Haram Al-Sharif (Dome of the Rock), Jerusalem

ea islam

 

site of 1st and 2nd jewish temples

Term
[image]
Definition

Haram Al-Sharif (Dome of the ROck), Jerusalem

ea islam

Term
[image]
Definition

TheGreat Mosque, Kairouan

ea islam

Term
[image]
Definition

Prayer Hall, Great Mosque, Cordoba, Spain

ea islam

Term
[image]
Definition

Mamluk Glass Oil Lamp

late islamic

 

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Granada, Spain

late islam

Term
[image]
Definition

Bowl with Kufic Border, Khurasan

late islam

Term
[image]
Definition

Macy Jug, Iran

late islam

Term

WHAT ARCHITECT

[image]

Definition

Mosque of Sultan Selim, Edirne

Sinan

Ottoman

Term
[image]
Definition

Illuminated Tugra of Sultan Suleyman, Istanbul

Ottoman

Term
al-Amin and the formation of Islam
Definition

al-Amin is prophet muhammad

recieved revelations in desert outside mecca

later fled to medina with followers and his house became first mosque

then took mecca as islamic capital

Term
Kabba
Definition

textile-draped cube shrine in Meca

built for god by abraham

emptied of pagan idols and dedicated to god by muhammad

all islamic prayer directed towards

hajj destination

Term
visual conventions of islamic art
Definition

non-figural ornaments

geometric designs and arabesques

rich, plentiful designs

Term
shiites vs sunnis
Definition

shiites= followers of 4th caliph, ali believe only rightful successor

sunnis= believe all caliphs are rightly guided

Term
significance of dome of the rock to muslims, jews and christians
Definition

1st great islamic monument

islam's 3rd holiest site

"Night Journey" where muhammad ascended to prescence of god

site of 1st and 2nd jewish temples

site of adams creation

where abraham alsmost sacrificed son isaac

Term
5 pillars of islam
Definition

only one god and muhammad is prophet

pray 5 times a day toward mecca

voluntary alms

fast during ramadan

hajj to mecca

Term
great mosque of cordoba, spain
Definition

umayyad royalty fled to spain after dynasty's collapse

previously site of christian church

spolia

double archesincrease space and circulate air

white and red brick

Term
_________empire replaced byzantine empire in 1453 and renamed constantinople ___________
Definition
Ottoman, Istanbul
Term
Ottoman empire lasted until ____ when _______ was formed
Definition
1918, Turkey
Term
3 Islamic empires
Definition

Ottoman

safavid

mughal in INDIA

Term
chakravartin
Definition
world-conquering ruler
Term
yogi
Definition
one who seeks mental and physical purification and self control
Term
samsara
Definition
continuous cycle of birth death rebirth
Term
dharma
Definition

religious moral law

 

Term
yakshi
Definition
spirit associated with productive forces of nature
Term
abacus
Definition
slab forming the top of a capital
Term
torana
Definition
stone gateway
Term
jataka tales
Definition
stories of buddha's past lives
Term
chaitya
Definition

type of rock cut hall

"sanctuary"

 

Term
vihara
Definition

type of rock cut hall

monks cells and common areas in monastic complexes

Term
urna
Definition
white hair between buddhas eyebrows
Term
ushnisha
Definition
protuberance on top of buddhas head rep enlightenment
Term
garbhagriha
Definition
area in hindu temple housing image of diety
Term
finial
Definition
knoblike decoration on top of northern style hindu temple
Term
mandapa
Definition
hall used as spaces for rituals in hindu temples rep cosmos
Term
[image]
Definition

Ashokan Pillar

Maurya

Term
[image]
Definition

Torso of a Priest-King

Indus valley

Term
[image]
Definition

Female Figure Holding a Fly Whisk

Maurya

Term
[image]
Definition

Lion Capital

Maurya

Term
[image]
Definition

Great Stupa, Sanchi

Andhra

Term
[image]
Definition

East torana, Great stupa, Sanchi

Andhra

Term
[image]
Definition

Yakshi Bracket Figure, East torana, Great stupa, Sanchi

Andhra

Term
[image]
Definition

Standing Buddha, Pakistan

Kushan

Term
[image]
Definition

Buddha and attendants, India

Kushan

Term
[image]
Definition

Siddhartha in the Palace, India

later andhra

Term
[image]
Definition

Vishnu on the Cosmic Waters, Deogarh

Gupta

Term
[image]
Definition

Buddha Maitreya

thailand-prakhon chai

Term
[image][image]
Definition

Borobudor, Java

indonesia

Term
[image]
Definition

Chaitya Hall, Karle, India

andhra

Term
[image]
Definition

Eternal shiva

post-gupta

Term
[image]
Definition

Angkor Wat, Cambodia

12th century

Term
Indus valley civilization
Definition

earliest

paki and india

2600-1900 bce

small seals like mesopotamia

mohenjo daro

high tech and engineering skills

terra cotta figurines

Term
vedic period
Definition

vedas

fire sacrifice

caste system

sanskrit

upanishads (atman&brahman)

epic lit

buddhism and jainism

vedic evolved into hinduism

Term
maurya period
Definition

powerful dynasty

dharma

buddhism expanded

ashokan pillars

Term
shungas and early andhras
Definition

regional dynasties

shungas in c india

andhras in c then s india

stupas

buddhist rock cut halls

Term
kushan and later andhras
Definition

kushans originally chinese nomads

mahayana buddhism

1st depictions of buddha

gandhara mathura and se indian styles

Term
who developed jainism
Definition
mahavira
Term
vishnu
Definition

good

dreamed world into existence

wheel and conch

Term
shiva
Definition

creative and destructive

linga

dance

Term
devi
Definition

riches and fertility

great goddess

female genitals

Term
brahma
Definition

wisdom

four heads

Term
3 conventions of indian art and why
Definition

visual abudance= generocity of gods

persuasive symbolism=intellectual and emotional layers

vibrant= world infused with divine and show inner spirits

Term
mandala
Definition

plan of stupas

diagram of cosmos

Term
gandhara vs mathura buddha depictions
Definition

gandhara= powerful superhuman and heavy robe with strong folds

mathura= peaceful and light robe so almost nude

Term
differences in prakhon chai style depictions of buddha
Definition

not princely, loose hair and little clothing

lithe and youthful

4 arms

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Taj mahal, Agra, India

mughal

 

shah jahan

mausoleum for favorite wife

Term
[image]
Definition

Bodhisattva avalokiteshvara

pala

 

bodhisattva of greatest compassion

3rd eye rep ability to see in miraculous ways

Term
[image]
Definition

Birth of mahavira

jainism

 

on paper rather than jain usual palm leaf

Term
[image]
Definition

Maya, Mother of Buddha, Holding a tree branch

tantric

Term
[image]
Definition

Akbar inspecting construction of fatehpur sikri

mughal

Term
[image]
Definition

Prince Khurram, Future Shah Jahan age 25, Minto album

mughal

Term
[image]
Definition

Krishna and the gopis

mughal

 

hindu

Term
[image]
Definition

Hour of cowdust

mughal

 

kangra school

yellow garment

Term
[image]
Definition

India Gate, New delhi

sir edwin lutyens

brit colonial

Term
[image]
Definition

Dharma and the god, Manjit bawa

modern indian

Term
gopura
Definition
entrance gatway
Term
chased
Definition
ornamented by hammering or incising metal surface
Term
chattri
Definition
pavilion popular in indian islamic
Term
jainism
Definition

mahavira

worthy of rebirth in heaven of pathfinders through purification

monks live complete austerity

Term
iconography of a tantric bodhisattva
Definition
princely garments, 3rd eye, wheel on palm ,crown
Term
Mughal emperors order and ancestry
Definition

Babur

Akbar

Jahangir (Akbar's son)

Shah Jahan (Jahangir's son)

Term
discuss Krishna and the Gopis
Definition

Rajput painting was more abstract than mughals 

bhakri movement inspire poetic literature devoted to krishna, human incarnation of vishnu

from gita govinda, rhapsodic poems about love between god and humans shown through krishna and radha

radha's jealousy shown by blue background

red behind krishna = passion

curving, bold vines and trees = exuberance of spring and emotional tension

Term
gouache
Definition
heavy paint
Term
ascetic
Definition
one who practices self denial for spiritual discipline
Term

This type of figure is know as a....

 

[image]

Definition
Orant in christian art
Term

This elaborate mosaic is found inside which church?

 

 

[image]

Definition

Church of San Vitale, Ravenna

ea byzantine

Term
The Cathedral of santa sopia in kiev was built under the leadership and sponsorship of
Definition
Grand prince yaroslav
Term
In the late byzantine era, which city is known as "the 3rd rome"?
Definition
Moscow
Term
when muslim armies took over christian and jewish lands, they:
Definition
charged them a special tax and gave them special restrictions
Term
The primary medium used to create late islamic tapestries was
Definition
silk
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