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REL 1350 Exam_2
2nd Exam
120
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 1
04/02/2009

Additional Religious Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The Black Death
Definition
Bubonic plague; killed 1/3 of Europe's population; lack of population leads to political instability and peasant revolts; people believed either the wrath of God/ the Jews caused the plague
Term
ad fontes
Definition
"back to the sources"; rebirth of fascination with classical authors and languages
Term
The Renaissance
Definition
rebirth; new focus on individual
Term
Humanism (Renaissance)
Definition
focus on human interests, feelings, values, and dignity
Term
Erasmus
Definition
author of "In Praise of Folly"; found gospel message in classics(ex: Socrates); translated many classics and the Bible; led the way for Luther
Term
Lorenzo Valla
Definition
Expert in classical languages; opposed pope-->discovered forged documents
Term
Valla's discovery of forged documents
Definition
"The Donation of Constantine"; Works of Pseudo-Dionysius
Term
The Great Schism of 1388
Definition
2 popes appointed in 1388(one in France, one in Rome)-->divides loyalty of European bishops
Term
Avignon, France
Definition
Popes began living there in 1300s
Term
John Wycliffe
Definition
believed in predestination; sacraments of the church were unnecessary for salvation; died before convicted on heresy
Term
Who translated bible into vernacular English?
Definition
John Wycliffe
Term
Lollards
Definition
followers of John Wycliffe
Term
Jan Hus
Definition
lived in Bohemia; believed laypersons should partake in eucharist
Term
Who was invited to Rome for a debate, then was burned at the stake?
Definition
Jan Hus
Term
Protest against Rome
Definition
Hussites rebel after Hus' death; Pope called for crusade against Hussites-->Hussites destroy crusader knights at Prague
Term
Jan Zizka
Definition
leader of Hussites who defeat crusaders
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
studied to become lawyer-->then became Augustinian monk; taught at University of Wittenberg; traveled to Rome-->very upset with church corruption
Term
Things about Church that troubled Luther
Definition
selling of indulgences;selling church positions; salvation based on works
Term
95 Theses (1517)
Definition
Luther provoked to write ideas and problems of church in response to Pope selling bishopric to pay for St. Peter's Basilica
Term
Sola fide (key ideas of Luther)
Definition
"salvation by faith alone"
Term
sola scriptura (key idea of Luther)
Definition
the Bible alone is our source of authority
Term
Priesthood of all believers (key idea of Luther)
Definition
all believers can commune with God
Term
"To the Christian Nobility"
Definition
written by Martin Luther; attacks idea of papal infallibility; says pope is center of church corruption
Term
"The Babylonian Captivity of the Church"
Definition
written by Luther; attacks the sacramental system; keeps only 2 of 7 sacraments (Baptism and Lord's Supper)
Term
"The Freedom of a Christian"
Definition
written by Luther; says Christian doesn't need works, but will do them
Term
Diet of Worms
Definition
Luther threatened with excommunication unless he recanted his writings; administered by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
Term
Who kidnapped Luther for his own safety?
Definition
Frederick the Wise
Term
defender of the "sausage-eaters"?
Definition
Ulrich Zwingli
Term
Ulrich Zwingli
Definition
influenced by Erasmus and humanism; launched reformation in Zurich, Switzerland; more radical than Luther; strict biblicism
Term
What did Luther and Zwingli disagree on?
Definition
The Eucharist
Term
Marbourg Colloquy
Definition
Phillip of Hesse called in to resolve differences; 2 parties agreed on 14 articles of faith, but couldnt agree on 15th
Term
Who rejected transubstantiation?
Definition
Luther and Philipp Melanchton
Term
Transubstantiation
Definition
the changing of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ
Term
consubstantiation
Definition
body and bread of Christ present alongside the actual bread and wine; (belief of Luther and Melanchton)
Term
Zwingli and Johannes Oecolampadius
Definition
believed body of Christ can't be in 2 places at once; eucharist commemorates the death of Christ
Term
Who brought reformation to Geneva Switzerland?
Definition
John Calvin
Term
Who wrote "Institutes of Christian Religion" and believes predestination?
Definition
John Calvin
Term
5 points of Calvinism
Definition
T=total depravity
U=unconditional election
L= limited atonement
I=irresistable grace
P=perseverance of the saints
Term
Calvin's view of the church
Definition
this person believed that  churches governed by church board
Term
Calvin's influence on English Puritanism
Definition
told Puritans to make $$ to invest and build better society
Term
Huguenots
Definition
Calvinists in France who opposed French Catholics
Term
Edict of Nantes
Definition
small degree of religious toleration for the Calvinists granted in France after this decree
Term
30 Years' War
Definition
result of Rome attempting to Catholicize parts of Europe
Term
Anabaptists
Definition
"re-baptizers"
Term
Conrad Grebel
Definition
leader of Anabaptists; rejected infant baptism
Term
3 Branches of Anabaptist Movement
Definition
1. Evangelical Anabaptists
2. Communist Anabaptists
3. Apocalyptic Anabaptists
Term
Envangelical Baptism
Definition
leader was Michael Sattler; preached pacifism, a refusal to take oaths, and a believers' baptism
Term
Meno Simons
Definition
Catholic priest who renounced Catholicism and established the Mennonites
Term
Jacob Hutter
Definition
Communist Anabaptist; followers known as Hutterites; developed a communal form of living based on New Testament
Term
Thomas Muntzer
Definition
Apocalyptic Anabaptist; took Reformation ideas to the extreme-->organized army; died in slaughter of peasants
Term
Discalced Carmelites
Definition
barefoot nuns led by Theresa of Avila founded in Spain
Term
Melchior Hoffman
Definition
Apocalyptic Anabaptist; believed he was Elijah from Old Testament; rejected pacifism
Term
What group of Anabaptists attempted to seize the city of Munster, Germany?
Definition
The Apocalyptic Anabaptists
Term
Henry VIII
Definition
needed annulment of marriage with Catherine of Aragon-->pope refused-->broke away from Rome and formed the Church of England
Term
Catherine of Aragon
Definition
niece of Charles V of Spain; mother of Mary I
Term
Church of England
Definition
King is leader, not the pope
Term
Edward VI
Definition
"The Boy King"; continued protestant reform
Term
Thomas Cranmer
Definition
advisor to Edward VI; author of "Book of Common Prayer"
Term
"Book of Common Prayer"
Definition
written by Thomas Cranmer; complete liturgy for the Church of England
Term
Mary I
Definition
daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon; married to Phillip of Spain; made it a priority to make England a Catholic kingdom
Term
Elizabeth I
Definition
daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; sought to reach compromise b/w Catholics and Protestants
Term
"Via Media"
Definition
source of Anglican identity; represents middle ground b/w Reformed Protestantism and Roman Catholicism
Term
Puritans
Definition
want to stay in Church of England and purify it
Term
Separatists
Definition
believe Church of England is beyond saving; many separatist congregations migrate to Holland to avoid persecution
Term
James I
Definition
King of Scotland; believed in "divine right of kings"; increased pressure on Puritans to conform to Church of England
Term
James I
Definition
King of Scotland; believed in "divine right of kings"; increased pressure on Puritans to conform to Church of England
Term
divine right of kings
Definition
royalty subject to no earthly authority; only answer to God (James I)
Term
Charles I
Definition
son of James I; continued policy of oppression of Puritans
Term
English Civil War
Definition
war b/w Loyalists and New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell
Term
Oliver Cromwell
Definition
ruled England after Civil War for 10 years
Term
Oliver Cromwell
Definition
ruled England after Civil War for 10 years
Term
Baptists
Definition
led by John Smyth and Thomas Helwys; moved congregation to Holland and established first Baptist Congregation
Term
Thomas Helwys
Definition
author of "A Shot Declaration of the Mystery of Inquiry"; disagrees with Smyth's practices and moves his congregation back to England
Term
Catholic reformation
Definition
long-term efforts to reform the R.C. church from within
Term
counter-reformation
Definition
the R.C. church's response to the Protestant Reformations of the 16th century
Term
Who was disappointed with the Catholic church but did not want to abandon her?
Definition
Erasmus and other humanists
Term
Theresa of Avila
Definition
spanish nun who emphasized mystical experience; began having visions when she was 40; founded "discalced carmelites"
Term
Who wrote "Interior Castles"? ( book emphasized spiritual journey through prayer and meditation
Definition
Theresa of Avila
Term
Ignatius of Loyola
Definition
former soldier who became soldier for Christ; wrote "Spiritual Exercises"
Term
Who founded the Jesuits?
Definition
Ignatius
Term
Jesuits
Definition
monastic order that was very strict; culturally sensitive; served on front lines of Catholic expansion
Term
council of Trent
Definition
group that met over a period of 18 years to deal with problems in the Church and to respond to Protestantism
Term
council of Trent
Definition
group that met over a period of 18 years to deal with problems in the Church and to respond to Protestantism
Term
Council of Trent (reform)
Definition
forbade selling of church offices; said bishops must reside in region over which they rule; called for reform of some monastic orders; created seminary in every diocese to provide for educated clergy
Term
Council of Trent (reactionary)
Definition
reaffirmed 7 sacraments, existence of Purgatory
Term
Motet
Definition
vocal arrangement in polyphonic style suited for use in church service; Council of Trent wanted simplicity in music/ worship
Term
Polyphony
Definition
music arrangement with 2 or more parts in harmony with one another
Term
Giovanni Palestrina
Definition
choirmaster in Rome; revised chantbooks to bring them into conformity with Rome; preserved complexity of motets but moved towards simplicity Trent wanted; saved polyphonic music in church
Term
Protestants' Church Music
Definition
wanted greater simplicity; hymns written in German; Luther composed "A Mighty Fortress is our God"
Term
Pilgrims
Definition
Separatists; moved from England to Holland to America
Term
Who established Mass. Bay Colony?
Definition
Puritans
Term
Who preached the "City upon a hill" sermon aboard the ship "Arabella"?
Definition
John Winthrop
Term
Roger Williams
Definition
argued that native americans should be treated as equals, should be fairly compensated for their lands; argued for complete separation of church and state; founded Providence, R.I.
Term
Anne Hutchison
Definition
John Winthrop's neighbor; put on trial for undermining order of society
Term
Half-Way Covenant
Definition
allowed you to join church without conversion experience
Term
Salem Witch Trials
Definition
girls began to have convulsions and hallucination-->doctor decided it was caused by witchcraft-->now known to be caused by a fungus called ergot
Term
Jonathan Edwards
Definition
delivered "sinners in the hands of an angry" sermon; preacher from Massachusetts
Term
George Whitefield
Definition
English preacher who traveled to America for preaching tours; Methodist; very famous
Term
John Wesley
Definition
influence by Moravians; founded Methodist church; was a "circuit rider" preacher
Term
John Wesley
Definition
influence by Moravians; founded Methodist church; was a "circuit rider" preacher
Term
Deism
Definition
rejects supernatural elements of Christianity; chooses reason over faith
Term
proto-revolutionary elements of Great Awakening
Definition
created "national" identity; appealed to the common person; established evangelical Christianity as norm in America
Term
Circuit riders
Definition
traveling preachers with few possessions
Term
Timothy Dwight
Definition
preacher during 2nd Great Awakening; grandson of Jonathan Edwards; President of Yale
Term
Camp Meetings
Definition
outdoor meetings marked by emotional outbursts in Cane Ridge, Kentucky
Term
Charles Finney
Definition
key figure of 2nd Great Awakening; lawyer who converted and became a minister
Term
Finney's "New Measures"
Definition
tent meetings; addressing audience members directly; very theatrical; new focus on emotion; use of the "anxious bench"
Term
burned-over district
Definition
upstate NY; fires of revival had taken all the souls
Term
Arminianism
Definition
emphasized free will and belief that people should be equal; fits with larger themes in American culture during Jacksonian democracy
Term
Joseph Smith
Definition
founder of Mormonism; ran for president; married 50 women
Term
Brigham Young
Definition
Joseph Smith's successor; settled in Great Salt Lake, Utah
Term
William Miller
Definition
predicted the return of Christ; 7th Day Adventists emerged out of his followers
Term
John Noyes
Definition
founded Oeida Community; remembered for silver work
Term
7th Day Adventists
Definition
worshipped on Saturdays; Ellen White led this group (had visions)
Term
Charles Colock Jones
Definition
enstilled virtues of obedience and that slavery was okay
Term
Invisible Institutions
Definition
secret churches for blacks to meet and worship
Term
Hush harbors
Definition
swamps where slaves used wet blankets to block out the sound so no one could find them
Term
coded meanings in slave spirituals
Definition
songs with coded details for slaves to escape/get help
Term
Richard Allen
Definition
formed African Methodist Epicopal Church; born into slavery
Term
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
Definition
formed when black members walked out of church servic-->formed their own church in NY
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