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Regulation of Blood Pressure & Circulation
Wacker 3/16/11 lecture -2 hrs
71
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
03/07/2011

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Term
64% it serves as a reservoir
Definition
how much of your blood is in the venous cicrulation?
Term
arteries, arterioles, veins
Definition
which vessels have smooth muscle and therefore can vasodilate/vasoconstrict?
Term
arteries and veins
Definition
which vessels have elastic tissue and can therefore distend and allow for pressure changes?
Term
hormones, paracrine agents, neurotransmitters, metabolic substances
Definition
what does the smooth muscle around blood vessels respond to to control vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
Term
tonic contraction (sympathetics)
Definition
maintains tone in blood vessels
Term
arteries
Definition
this vessel type can expand and hold blood. it is compliant due to elastic recoil which helps maintain a more consistent pressure
Term
arterioles
Definition
this vessel type has a lot of smooth muscle and surface area which can change blood flow to different tissues
Term
capillaries
Definition
this vessel type is just endothelial cells and allows 1 RBC to pass at a time (for exchange purposes)
Term
veins
Definition
this vessel has a large diameter, and serves as a reservoir for blood (expands cause it is elastic)
Term
pressure increases
Definition
with decreased elasticity, what happens to pressure?
Term
the difference between systole pressure and diastole pressure
Definition
what is pulse pressure?
Term
friction and increased vessel compliance dampens the pressure
Definition
as you get further from the heart pulse pressure decreases, why?
Term
it is decreased (pulse pressure decreases as resistance decreases)
Definition
in the pulmonary veins for example, there is relatively little resistance, what does the mean for the pulse pressure there?
Term
systemic: vena cava/right atrium
pulmonary: pulmonary veins, left atrium
Definition
which vessels have the lowest pressure in the systemic circulation? in the pulmonary circulation?
Term
-stroke volume output
-vascular compliance
Definition
what determines pulse pressure?
Term
increase in volume/increase in pressure
Definition
give the formula for compliance
Term
veins, young person
Definition
which is more compliant? veins or arteries? an old person's vessels or a young person's?
Term
valves
Definition
what helps make 1 way blood flow in veins?
Term
leaky valves that cause backflow of blood, can result from being on your feet all day and blood pooling in the veins
Definition
what are varicose veins?
Term
blood pressure
Definition
force exerted by blood against the vessel wall
Term
diastolic P + 1/3(systolic P-diastolic P)
80 + 1/3(120-80) = 93
Definition
what is the equation for MABP? calculated it using systole of 120/ diastole of 80.
Term
CO
Definition
MABP is proportional to ____ * resistance of arteries/arterioles
Term
increases
Definition
what happens to MABP with age?
Term
increase (MAP is proportional to CO * resistance)
Definition
an increase in cardiac output with the same arteriole resistance will do what to MAP?
Term
nucleus tractus solitarius in the medulla
Definition
receives most input from cardiac, baroreceptor, chemoreceptor afferent nerves

then coordinates and relays info to other parts of the medulla, hypothalmus, and cerebellum
Term
CO altered by changing HR
resistance changed by altering vessel diameter
Definition
both sympathetics and parasympathetics alter cardiac output by changing ____ and alter resistance by changing ______
Term
high H+, high CO2, hypoxia
Definition
what do chemoreceptors detect?
Term
aorta: vagus
carotid: glossopharyngeal
Definition
the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors follow what nerve in the aorta, and what nerve in the carotid sinus?
Term
high pressure triggers more action potentials (change in I = firing frequency)

note: it is sensitive to a very slight change in pressure as shown by the steep slope on the graph
Definition
baroreceptors fire more with high pressure or low pressure?
Term
nucleus of solitary tract
cardio inhibitory area(inhibit sympathetics)
vasomotor area
Definition
when the baroceptor reflex is activated(sends afferents) three centers in the brain are activated to send efferents, what are they?
Term
all decrease, which decreases blood pressure
Definition
when the baroreceptor reflex is activated, what happens to CO, heart rate, and peripheral resistance?
Term
chemoreceptors detects low O2, high CO2 and high H+, so it will fire and want to increase heart rate and blood pressure to get more O2 to the tissue (via sympathetics)
Definition
when the chemoreceptor reflex is stimulated, what happens to heart rate and blood pressure, which division of the ANS is activated?
Term
atrial stretching triggers a reflex to increase HR and contraction strength (to avoid blood backing up in atria and veins)
Definition
what is the Bainbridge reflex?
Term
1) regulate plasma volume via the kidneys
2) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
3) antidiuretic hormone ADH (vasopressin)
4) atrial natriuretic peptide


all respond to low BP except atrial natriuretic peptide
Definition
what are the methods of long term blood pressure regulation? which respond/are secreted due to low blood pressure?
Term
activated by low BP(reduced renal afferent arteriole pressure)

reabsorbs salt and water to increase BP (increase osmotic pressure)
Definition
how does the renin-angiotensin system become activated? what does it do?
Term
posterior petuitary makes this to promote water retention and increase blood pressure (respondes to low BP)


this is inhibited when you drink alcohol so you pee more frequently
Definition
what is ADH secreted by? what does it do? when is it inhibited?
Term
stretch(high BP) activates it, it is released by the atria(and ventricle) when distended.

promotes salt and water excretion to decrease blood volume and decrease pressure
Definition
what does atrial natriuretic respond to? how is it released? what does it do?
Term
cardiovascular system (duh)
Definition
which has a faster response to blood pressure: cardiovascular system, or kidneys?
Term
decreases

kidneys retain H2O to increase blood volume

sympathetics are activated & vasoconstrict (to increase TPR), increase HR, SV, CO

ultimately increase BP
Definition
what does dehydration or hemorrhage do to BP? how does the body respond?
Term
1)blood volume (fluid intake vs loss)
2)cardiac output (HR and stroke volume)
3)resistance to blood flow (diameter of arterioles)
4)distribution of blood between arterial and venous vessels (diameter of the veins)
Definition
what 4 things regulate MABP?
Term
middle portion
Definition
in laminar flow, what part has a higher velocity?
Term
velocity * diameter * density / viscosity

higher the number tells you more likely turbulent flow (hear as murmurs)
Definition
what is the equation that determines reynolds number? what does reynold's number tell you?
Term
less! increased viscosity would decrease reynold's number -its in the denominator
Definition
are you more or less likely to have turbulent flow with polycythemia?
Term
blood flow rate
Definition
how much volume(quantity) that passes a given point(in the circulation) in a given time
Term
velocity of flow
Definition
distance volume of blood will travel in time
Term
velocity
Definition
flow rate/cross sectional area
Term
aorta: 2.5 cm cubed area, 333m/s
capillaries: 2500 cm cubed, 0.3mm/s

more paths for the capillaries to travel so blood slows for gas exchange
Definition
what is the total cross sectional area and volume of the aorta? capillaries?
Term
inversely
Definition
how is velocity related to cross sectional area?
Term
no
Definition
does systemic blood flow change?
Term
pressure gradients
Definition
why does blood flow?
Term
flow = CHANGE in pressure / resistance
Definition
what is Darcy's law/Ohm's law?
Term
change in pressure (you can have different absolute pressures but the same flow)
Definition
which drive pressure? change in pressure or absolute pressure?
Term
the french resistence...

Poiseuille's law
Definition
what determines resistance?
Term
Resistance = 8 * viscosity * length / pi * radius ^4

OR

flow = pi * change in pressure * radius ^4 /8 * viscosity * length
Definition
what is poiseulles law?
Term
radius

(normally length of systemic circulation and viscosity are constant)
Definition
what is the biggest factor in changing resistence?
Term
metabolic needs, paracrine agents, circulating hormones, sympathetic reflexes
Definition
what determines resistance in arterioles (radius)?
Term
series:
flow is the same, resistance adds

parallel:
flow is determined by resistance
1/resistance = conductance
(less overall resistance, more conductance, more flow)
Definition
how are flow & resistance determined when vessels are in series? in parallel?
Term
flow increases (TOTAL FLOW is UNCHANGED)
Definition
if flow is decreased in an arteriole in parallel, what happens to the parallel arterioles?
Term
cardiac output
Definition
what does total blood flow through all arterioles always equal?
Term
arterioles arranged in parallel (all arterioles receive blood from the aorta at the same time)
Definition
what allows variation in blood flow to individual tissue?
Term
metabolic hyperaemia
Definition
increase in metabolic products induces vasodilation which increases blood flow
Term
1) increased adenosine
2) increase CO2
3) acidosis (lactic acid or carbonic acid from CO2)
4) increase in K+ (Action potentials repolarization)
5) low PaO2 (<40mmHg)
6) phosphates (from ATP breakdown and createnine phosphate
Definition
list all the metabolic factors that cause local vasodilation
Term
increases
Definition
as metabolic rate increases, what happens to blood flow?
Term
shear stress in micorvascular causes endothelial cells to release NO and induce vasodilation

basically they dilate to decrease shear force
Definition
what is a paracrine mechanism to vasodilate that involves physical abrasion?
Term
norepi/epi
angiotensin 2
vasopressin (ADH)
thromboxane
Definition
list the drugs that cause paracrine/hormonal control of blood flow (just the ones he circled)
Term
norepi/epi
Definition
causes vasoconstriction and some vasodilation, released from the adrenal medulla
Term
angiotensin
Definition
causes vasoconstriction, released due to low blood flow or low BP, and causes the kidneys to retain fluid
Term
ADH
Definition
causes vasoconstriction, secreted by posterior petuitary to reabsorb fluid
Term
thromboxane
Definition
causes vasoconstriction, released by platelets and smooth muscle (helps with hemostasis)
Term
it knocks out sympathetic tone, which gets rid of tonic vasoconstriction
Definition
why does giving anasthetic cause a decreased blood pressure?
Term
-systole and diastole (higher flow in diastole)
-local metabolism (very sensitive)
(adenosine, CO2, H+)
-neuronal control
Definition
what factors affect coronary circulation(blood flow?)
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