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Random Things to know for Comprehensive Exams
40
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
11/03/2012

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Term
CPP= MAP -ICP
MAP= ((2x diastolic)+ systolic/3
CPP should be maintained above 70-80mm Hg
Normal ICP= 10-15mm Hg
E+V+M=GCS (eye, verbal,motor)
Definition
Term
Who are good candidates for ICP monitoring
Definition
Clients who are comatose and/or have GCS scores of 8 are candidates for ICP monitoring
Term
symptoms of increased ICP
Definition
severe headache, deteriorating loc, restlessness, irritability, dilated or pinpoint pupils, slowness to react, alternation in breathing pattern (cheyne stokes respirations, central neurologic hyperventilation, apnea)deterioration in motor function, and abnormal posturing (decerebrate, decorticate, flaccidity)
Term
Why is there no follow up care after PET/SPECT scans
Definition
because the tracer is glucose based and short acting (less than 2 hours, it is broken down within the body as a sugar, not excreted
Term
What are the two instructions a patient will have the night before an EEG
Definition
Wash your hair and stay up as late as possible.
Term
What is the pain threshold?
Definition
The point at which one feels pain
Term
What is pain tolerance
Definition
The amount of pain one is willing to bearWh
Term
What are substances that increase pain transmission and cause an inflammatory response
Definition
Substance P
Prostaglandins
Bradykinin
Histamine
Term
What are substances that decrease pain transmission and produce analgesia
Definition
Serotonin
Endorphins
Term
What is Nociceptive Pain
Definition
pain that arises from damage to or inflammation of tissue other than that of the peripheral and central nervous system. It is usually throbbing, aching, and localized
Term
What are some signs of nociceptive pain
Definition
Somatic-in bones, joints, and muscles, skin or connective tissues
Visceral- in internal organs such as stomach or intestines. It can cause referred pain in other body locations and is not associated with the stimulus
Cutaneous- in the skin or sub C tissue
Term
What does nociceptive pain respond to
Definition
opiods and non opiod medication
Term
What is neuropathic pain
Definition
Pain that arises from abnormal or damaged pain nerves. It includes phantom limb pain, pain below the level of the spinal cord, and diabetic neuropathy.
Term
Describe neuropathic pain
Definition
usually intense shooting, burning, or described as "pins and needles"
Term
What does neuropathic pain respond to
Definition
responds to adjuvan medications (antidepressants, antispasmodic agents, and skeletal muscle relaxants.
Term
These are non opiod analgesics used in treating mild to moderate pain
Definition
acetaminophen, ibuprofen, aspirin
Term
With nonopiod analgesics the client needs to be monitored for salicylism which is___
Definition
tinnitus, vertigo, and decreased hearing acuity
Term
A client who has been taking NSAIDS long term needs to be monitored for what_____
Definition
Bleeding
Term
Opioid analgesics are appropriate for treating moderate to severe pain like postoperative pain, MI pain, or cancer pain. Examples of these meds
Definition
Morphine sulfate, Fentanyl, and Codeine
Term
What are the adverse side effects of opioid use that need to be monitored
Definition
Constipation, Orthostatic hypotension, Urinary Retention, N/V, Sedation, and Respiratory Depression
Term
These meds enhance the effects of nonopioids, help alleviate other symptoms that aggravate pain (depression, seizures, inflammation), and are useful in the treatment of neuropathic pain
Definition
Adjuvant analgesics
Term
What are some examples of adjuvant medications
Definition
Anticonvulsants-Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Antianxiety agents- diazepam (Valium)
Tricyclic antidepressants- amitriptyline (Elavil)
Antihistamine- hydroxyzine (Vistaril)
Glucocorticoids-Dexamenthasone (Decadron)
Antiemetics- Ondansetron hydrochloride (Zofran)
Term
which vaccine is the health promotion prevention for Meningitis
Definition
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)for infants and Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) for immunocomprimised adults.
Term
This is resistance to pain with extension of a clients leg from a flexed position
Definition
Positive Kernig's sign
Term
this is flexion of extremities occurring with deliberate flexion of the clients neck
Definition
Positive Brudzinski sign
Term
What physical assessment signs are positive with Menningitis
Definition
Positve Kernig's sign and Positive Brudzinski
Term
What CSF analysis results are indicative of Meningitis
Definition
Appearance of CSF-cloudy (bacterial) clear viral
Elevated WBC
Elevated Protein
Decreased Glucose (bacterial)
Elevated CSF pressure
Term
What type of precautions must be maintained for the client with meningitis
Definition
Isolation Precautions. Droplet Precautions which require a private room or a room with cohorts, wearing of a surgical mask when within 3 feet of the client, appropriate hand hygiene,a nd hte use of deisgnated equipment. Continue until antibiotics have been administered for 24hours
Term
What are complications associated with Meningitis
Definition
Increased ICP
SIADH
Septic Emboli
Term
College Students should be immunized because they are at risk for developing meningitis secondary to what organism
Definition
Neisseria meningitidis
Term
When taking phenytoin what 2 meds should you avoid taking and why?
Definition
When using phenytoin you should avoid taking oral contraceptivess, as this med decreasses their effectiveness. Warfarin should also not be given.
Term
What is a complication of seizures and epilepsy
Definition
Status epilepticus
Term
This is a prolonged seizure activity occuring over a 30min time frame. The complications associated with this condition are related to decreased oxygen levels, inability of the brain to return to normal functioning, and continued assault on neuronal tissue. the acute condition requires immediate treatment to prevent loss of brain function, which may become permanent
Definition
Status epilepticus
Term
What are the nursing actions for status epilepticus
Definition
Maintain an airway, provide oxygen, establish IV access, perform EKG monitoring, and monitor pulse oximetry and ABG results. As prescribed administer a loading dose of diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) followed by a continuous infusion of phenytoin (Dilantin)
Term
What is a priority nursing intervention for a nurse caring for a client who has just experienced a generalized seizure
Definition
Keep them in a side lying position. the greatest risk to the client is aspiration during the postical phase.
Term
What are the 5 stages of involvement of Parkinson Disease
Definition
Stage 1 - Unilateral Shaking or Tremor of Limb
Stage 2- Bilateral limb involvement making walking and balance difficult
Stage 3- Physical movements slow down affecting walking more
Stage 4- Tremors may decrease but akinesia and rigidity make day to day tasks difficult
Stage 5- Client unable to stand or walk, is dependent for all care, adn may exhibit dementia
Term
What is the definitive diagnostic procedure for Parkinson
Definition
Diagnosis is made on symptoms, their progression, and by rulling out other diseases. There is no definitive diagnosis.
Term
Describe Collaborative Nursing care for Parkinson
Definition
-administer clients meds at prescribed times
-monitor swallowing, maintain nutrition
-maintain mobility if poss
-promote communication
-monitor clients mental and cog status
Term
What are complications of Parkinsons
Definition
Aspiration Pneumonia and Altered Cognition (Dementia and memory Deficits)
Term
What is the advantage if any of administering the medications levodopa and carbidopa at the same time for the parkinson patient
Definition
Carbidopa prevents the peripheral metabolism of levodopa making a smaller dose of levodopa necessary
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