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Radiology and Ultrasound Imaging Definitions
Veterinary Assistant
179
Veterinary Medicine
Not Applicable
03/21/2011

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Term
Radiology
Definition
The use of ionizing radiation for medical diagnosis, especially the use of x-rays in medical radiography or fluoroscopy
Term
Ultrasonography
Definition
Diagnostic imaging technique utilizing reflected high-frequency sound waves to delineate, measure, or examine internal bidy structures or organs
Term
Endoscopy
Definition
Minimally invasive and allows direct visualization of the inside of a patient's body through the use of fiberoptics
Term
X-ray
Definition
High-energy stream of electromagnetic radiation having a frequency higher than that of a gamma ray
Term
Epithelium
Definition
The thin, membraneous tissue that lines most of the internal and external surfaces of an animal's body
Term
Lt
Definition
Left, the patient's left side or limb
Term
Rt
Definition
Right, the patient's right side or limb
Term
D
Definition
Dorsal, the upper parts of the body including the top of the head, neck, back, and tail
Term
V
Definition
Ventral, The lower parts of the body including the head, neck, chest, abdomen, and tail
Term
V
Definition
Ventral, The lower parts of the body including the head, neck, chest, abdomen, and tail
Term
Pa
Definition
Palmar, the forelimb from the carpal joint distally (away from the body)
Term
Pl
Definition
Plantar, the hind limb from the tarsal joint distally (away from the body)
Term
M
Definition
Medial, the inner surface of a limb toward the center of the body
Term
L
Definition
Lateral, the outer surface of a limb away from the center of the body
Term
Cr
Definition
Cranial, any point toward the head
Term
Cd
Definition
Caudal, any point toward the tail
Term
Di
Definition
Distal, any point on the limb or tail away from the trunk (torso)
Term
P
Definition
Proximal, any point on the limb or tail toward the trunk (torso)
Term
R
Definition
Rostral, Parts of the head located toward the nostrils or tip of the nose
Term
O
Definition
Oblique, at 45 degree angle, between a horizontal and perpendicular angle
Term
Recumbant
Definition
Lying down
Term
A
Definition
Anterior, anteroposterior is often used in place of caniocaudal, dorsopalmar, etc.
Term
P
Definition
Posterior, posteroanterior is often used in place of caudocranial
Term
Caliper
Definition
Simplistic insturment that is used to measure the thickness of a patient's anatomical part in order to determine the exposure and thus produce a precise radiograph.
Term
Carpus
Definition
Wrist joint
Term
Scatter radiation
Definition
Occus when a portion of the radiation from the primary x-ray beam is not absorbed by the object or matter being radiograped
Term
Low kilovoltage
Definition
scatter radiation is reduced by using the lowest kV setting possible without compromising the quality of the radiograph
Term
Collimator
Definition
A device capable of collimating radiation
Term
Collimation
Definition
Another tool used to decrease scatter radiation is the x-ray machine's collimator
Term
Compression or Bucky band
Definition
This is a band of cloth, spproximately 7-12" in width. It is place across the patient with one end secured on one side of the x-ray table and the other end fitting into a roller on the opposite side of the table. When the roller is turned, the band is tightened across the animal
Term
Rare-earth intensifying screens
Definition
Calcium tungstate screens and the newer rare-earth screens
Term
Grid or Bucky
Definition
A grid is a flat plate, approximately 2-4mm rhick, made in various film sizes and constructed of fine strips of lead which alternate with strips of either plastic or aluminum.
Term
Technique chart
Definition
A table with predetermine x-ray machine settings that enables the radiographer to select the correct machine settings based on the thickness of tissue and of the anatomical portion of the body to be radiographed
Term
Peak kilovoltage (kVp)
Definition
The maximum kilovoltage applied across an x-ray tube
Term
Milliamperage (mA)
Definition
Milliamperes are a unity of (electrical) current that is equal to one thousandth (10-3) of an ampere
Term
Milliamperes-seconds (mAs)
Definition
determined by multiplying the mA by the amount of time in seconds, the mAs indicates the exposure time in fractions of a second
Term
Exposure time
Definition
The time during which the anode is positively charged. The longer the exposure time, the greater the number of x-ray photons
Term
Film Focus Distance (FFD)
Definition
Also refered to as focus film distance, focal-film distance, and sometimes source-image distance (SID); the FFD is the distance between the x-ray beam source and the film. It is usually set to 36-40 inches but when using grid or Bucky technique (meaning a grid is used) instead of a tabletop or TT technique (meaning without a grid), the x-ray tbale must be lowered approximately 6 inches
Term
Intensifying screen
Definition
Sheet of crystals of inorganic slats (called phosphors) which emit fluorescent light when excited by x-ray radiation
Term
Ionization
Definition
The formation of or separation into ions by heat, electrical discharge, radiation, or chemical reaction
Term
Fluorescence
Definition
Emission of radiation especially by way of light; they thus can assist in recording an image of what they penetrate and manipulate
Term
X-rays
Definition
a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to light but of shorter wavelength and capable of penetrating solids and of ionizing gases. Between gamma rays and ultraviolet rays
Term
Gamma radiation
Definition
The most energetic radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum; it has the lowest wavelength and the highest frequency in the spectrum
Term
Shadow
Definition
An area that is not or is only partially irradiated or illuminated because of the interception of radiation by an opaque object between the area and the source of radiation
Term
Electrode
Definition
A solid electric conductor whicch an electric current enters or leaves an electrolytic cell or medium
Term
Cathode
Definition
A negatively-charged electrode, as of an electrolyitc cell, a storage battery, or an electrolytic tube
Term
Anode
Definition
A positively charge electrode, as of an electrolytic cell, storage battery, or electron tube
Term
Filament
Definition
A high-resistance wire or ribbin forming the cathode in some thermionic tubes
Term
Tungsten
Definition
A heavy gray-white metallic element; the pure form is used mainly in electrical applications
Term
Focal spot
Definition
Point where the electron beam interacts with the anode
Term
Contrast media
Definition
Is a substance that enhances the visibility of tissues and organs in the body during a radiograph
Term
Radiopaque or Positive Contrast Media
Definition
Is dense material and shows up whit eon a developed radiograph (i.e. barium for the digestive tract, iodine for the ciculatory system)
Term
Radiolucent or Negative Contrast Media
Definition
Is transparent material and shows up black on a developed radiograph (i.e. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide)
Term
Mitchell marker
Definition
Used in radiology when standing radiographs are taken; small lead balls fall toward gravity
Term
Safe-light
Definition
A light bulb shielded by a red filter that does not affect x-ray film
Term
Automatic film processing
Definition
Utilizing a free-standing machine called an automatic film processor, radiographic film is developed, rinsed, fixed, and dried automatically and almost instantly (in approximately 90 seconds). The processor must be kept and used in the darkroom
Term
Manual film processing
Definition
This method requires manual development by the veterinary assistant using multiple instruments and chemicals. This process is also done in the darkroom by the veterinary assitant
Term
Cassettes, AKA film holders
Definition
Light-tight containers which are designed to hold x-ray films and intensifying screens in close contact. Most common type is the rigid cassette
Term
Direct exposure cassette
Definition
made of cardboard or plastic and are usually only used when intense detail is necessary for radiographic examination
Term
Digital radiography
Definition
A technique in which x-ray absorption is quantified by assignment of a number to the amount of x-rays reaching the detector; the information is manipulated by a computer to produce an optimal image
Term
Medical ultrasonography
Definition
Is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize muscles and internal organs, their size, structures and possible pathologies or lesions
Term
Ultrasound
Definition
Ultrasonic sound; the use of ultrasonic waves for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, specifically to visualize an internal body structure, monitor a developing fetus, or generate localized deep heet to the tissues
Term
Ultrasonic
Definition
Of or relating to acoustic frequencies above the range audible to the human ear, or above approximately 20,000 hertz
Term
Percutaneous
Definition
Through the skin
Term
Transducer
Definition
A device that receives a signal in the form of one type of energy and converts it to a signal in another form
Term
Velocity
Definition
Rapidity or speed of motion; specifically, the distance traveled per untit time. Velocity = Wavelength x Frequency
Term
Piezoelectricity
Definition
Electricity produced by mechanical pressure on certain crystals (notably quartz or Rachelle salt); alternatively, electrostatic stress produces a change in the linear dimensions of the crystal
Term
Piezoelectric crystal
Definition
A crystal that can be used as a transducer
Term
Endoscopy
Definition
A medical procedure in which an instrument called an endoscope is used for examining visually the interior of a bodily canal or a hollow organ such as the colon, bladder, or stamach
Term
Fiberscope
Definition
A flexible fiveroptic bundle with an eyepiecce at one end and a lens at the other
Term
Biopsy punch
Definition
An instrument for cutting and removing a disk of tissue
Term
Retrieval basket
Definition
An instrument used with endoscopy which permits removal of small, round and smooth foreign bodies, usually from the gastrointestinal tract
Term
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Definition
Endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
Term
Colonoscopy
Definition
Endoscopy of the colon
Term
Rhinoscopy
Definition
Endoscopy of the nose
Term
Otoscopy
Definition
Endoscopy of the ear
Term
Bronchoscopy
Definition
Endoscopy of the lower respiratory tract
Term
Cystoscopy
Definition
Endoscopy of the urinary tract
Term
Hysteroscopy
Definition
Endoscopy of the uterus
Term
Laparoscopy
Definition
Endoscopy of the abdominal or pelvic cavity (through a small incision)
Term
Thoracoscopy
Definition
Endoscopy of the thorax (through a small incision)
Term
Fetoscopy
Definition
Endoscopy of the fetus
Term
Anatomy
Definition
The study of the physical make-up of the animal's organs and includes color, size, shape, appearance, and location of organs
Term
Physiology
Definition
The study of the function separately and as a system
Term
Nine major organ systems
Definition
Integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, cardiovascular or circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary or excretory system, nervous system, reproductive system
Term
Integumentary system
Definition
Skin
Term
Skeletal system
Definition
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints
Term
Muscular system
Definition
Muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Term
Cardiovascular or Circulatory system
Definition
Heart and blood vessels
Term
Respiratory system
Definition
Nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm
Term
Digestive system
Definition
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder, rectum, and anus
Term
Urinary or Excretory system
Definition
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Term
Nervous system
Definition
Brain, spinal cord vertebrae, and all the nerves that communicate from the skin and internal organs to the brain
Term
Reproductive system
Definition
Male-penis, vas deferens, testicles; Female-uterus, uterine horns, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva
Term
Epidermis
Definition
The outer layer of skin
Term
Dermis
Definition
The middle layer of skin
Term
Hypodermis
Definition
The innermost layer of skin
Term
Skeletal system
Definition
The skeletal system of most mammals and vertebrates can be divided into two major groups: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
Term
Mammals (class Mammalia)
Definition
Vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of sweat glands, including sweat glands modified for milk production, and by the presence of hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in the brain. Also , all mammals other than the monotremes (mammals that lay eggs), give birth to live young instead of laying eggs
Term
Vertebrates
Definition
Members of the subphylum vertebrata (species with backbones or spinal columns), vertebrates consist of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (including humans)
Term
Amphibians
Definition
Includes all living tetrapods, or four-legged vertebrates, that do not have amniotic eggs, are ectothermic (term for animals whose body heat is regulated by the external environment; previously known as cold-blooded), and generally spend part of their time in water
Term
Axial skeleton consists:
Definition
Bones, cartliage of the skull, spine, sternum, and ribs.
Term
Spinal column
Definition
The central support system for the frame of the body
Term
Vertebral column
Definition
Bones of the spine
Term
Fibroccartilaginous
Definition
A type of cartilage, or non-vascular connective tissue
Term
Cervical vertebrae
Definition
Neck bones
Term
Atlas
Definition
The first cervical vertebra, also known as C1
Term
Atlantooccipital joint
Definition
The joint that connects the head to the spine
Term
Axis
Definition
The second cervical vertebra, C2
Term
Thoracic vertebrae
Definition
The second section of vertebrae, the backbones
Term
Sternum
Definition
The cage-like cavity formed by the ribs from he thoracic vertebrae (dorsal aspect) to the front (ventral aspect) of the chest bone
Term
Floating ribs
Definition
The ribs that do not attach to the sternum from the dorsal side to the ventral side
Term
Lumbar vertebrae
Definition
The third section of vertebrae. 7 lumbar vertebrae
Term
TL junction
Definition
The last thoracic vertebra, T13, meet the first lumbar vertebrae, L1
Term
Sacral vertebrae
Definition
The fourth section of the vertebrae. There are three fused sacral vertebrae in the pelvic region of the dog and cat
Term
Coccygeal vertebrae or caudal vertebrae
Definition
The fifth section of the vertebral column. These bones make up the tail.
Term
Appendicular skeleton consists of
Definition
The bones of the limbs
Term
Thoracic or front limbs
Definition
AKA the forelimbs, are those that support the animals that walk on all four legs
Term
Bones of the forelimbs from proximal to distal
Definition
Scapula (shoulder blades), Humerus, Radius, Ulna (the proximal end makes up the elbows), Carpus (similar the the wrist in humans), metacarpus, Phalanges (similar the the fingers in humans)
Term
Bones of the back limbs or pelvic limbs from proximal to distal
Definition
Pelvis (consists of 3 bones:the illium, ischium, and the pubis), Femur (thigh bone), Patella (knee cap), Stifle (knee joint formed by the distal end of the femur and proximal end of the tibia), Tibia, Fibula, Tarsus (proximal end forms the hock, or ankle), Metatarsus, Phalanges (bones of the toes)
Term
Approximate number of bones in the dog
Definition
319
Term
Approximate number of bones in the cat
Definition
244
Term
Muscular system's main function
Definition
To move the whole body externally and the muscular organs internally
Term
Muscle fibers
Definition
Tiny muscle cells
Term
Muscle groups
Definition
Muscle fibers together
Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
Usually attached to bones by tendons, this type of muscle responds to nerve impulses from the brain. This muscle type is voluntary, meaning they are consciously controlled. They move the limbs, ears, eyes, and other organs that communicate with the brain function
Term
Cardiac muscle
Definition
Only found in the heart, this type of muscle is involuntary because it is not under conscious control. The cardiac muscle cells have a naturally-occuring contractile rhythm where no external nerve supply from the brain is needed
Term
Smooth muscle
Definition
Found in organs of the body like the intestines that move in a wave-like motion to move food down the digestive tract, this type of muscle can be voluntary or involuntary
Term
Pulmonary circulation
Definition
Through the lungs
Term
Coronary circulation
Definition
Through the heart
Term
Systemic circulation
Definition
Through the entire body, excluding the heart and lungs
Term
Main purpose of the cardiovascular system or circulatory system
Definition
To transport oxygenated blood to all the cells of the body and bring deoxygenated blood back to the lungs to release carbon dioxide waste and pick up new oxygen molecules to take back to all the body cells
Term
Arteries
Definition
The first type of blood vessels of the circulatory system that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, arteries are buried deep in the body because of their size.
Term
Capillaries
Definition
The second types of blood vessels in the circulatory system, these tiny vessels are located throughout the entire body and allow substances to move freely between the cellular fluids around the blood cells
Term
Veins
Definition
The third type of blood vessels of the circulatory system, veins pick up blood from the capillaries and carry waste and carbon dioxide back to the heart and lungs
Term
Atria
Definition
The two upper chambers of the heart
Term
Ventricles
Definition
The two lower chambers of the heart
Term
Aorta
Definition
The largest artery in the body
Term
Apex
Definition
Base of the heart
Term
Main function of the respiratory system
Definition
Exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen for the blood to supply throughout the body
Term
Internal respiration
Definition
The intake of oxygen-rich blood and exchange of carbon dioxide-rich blood between the blood and the body's cells, tissues, and organs
Term
External respiration
Definition
The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the blood in the lungs with inhaled air
Term
Pharynx
Definition
Throat
Term
Larynx
Definition
Voice box
Term
Trachea
Definition
Windpipe
Term
Cartilaginoius (cartilage) rings
Definition
What makes the traches and keeps it from collapsing, especially on inspiration
Term
Lungs
Definition
Large air sacs that expand to intake oxygen and contract to push out carbon dioxide
Term
Bronchi
Definition
The branches that come off the trachea
Term
Alveoli
Definition
Tiny grape-like air sacs
Term
Alveolar sacs
Definition
The actual site of carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
Sheet-like muscle that separates the thoracic or chest organs from the abdominal organs, contracts and enlarges the thorax
Term
The digestive system's main function
Definition
Break food down and digest it
Term
Esophagus
Definition
Tube that leads to the stomach
Term
Stomach
Definition
Pouch where food is broken down into smaller particles by hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes
Term
Ruminant
Definition
Any mammal that digests food in two steps, first by eating the raw material and regurgitating a semi-digested form known as cud from within their first stomach, known as the rumen. The process of re-chewing the cud to break down the plant matter and stimulate digestion is called ruminating.
Term
Small intestines
Definition
Tube-like structure that connects the stomach to the large intestine
Term
Gallbladder
Definition
A balloon like sac nestled between the lover lobes that stores bile until needed
Term
Bile
Definition
Made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, bile aids in the digestion of fats when released into the small intestine
Term
Pancreas
Definition
Attatched to the small intestines; the pancreas has two functions. First to aid in digestion of fats in the small intestine. Second to produce a hormone called insulin that maintains blood sugar levels in the blood
Term
Large intestine
Definition
Recieves undigested material, extracts excess water as needed for the body, and delivers the byproduct or fecal matter to the colon
Term
Anus
Definition
Most caudal opening of the digestive system
Term
Liver
Definition
A very important organ of the body and has hundreds of functions essential for life; in digestion, it produces enzymes in the form of bile to aid in digestion. The liver also stores fat-soluble vitamins, detoxifies waste and toxins from the blood stream and aids in producing clotting factors
Term
Responsible for filtering byproducts, waste, and toxins from the blood
Definition
Urinary system/Excretory system
Term
Nephrons
Definition
Filters out the toxins and distributes them into the urinary bladder
Term
Urinary bladder
Definition
AKA Urinary sac for temporary strage of urine
Term
Ureters
Definition
Two muscular tubes, one from each kidney that distribute the toxins into the urinary bladder
Term
Urethra
Definition
Tube connected to the caudal urinary bladder and ending where urine exits the body
Term
Urination
Definition
Elimination of urine
Term
Brain
Definition
The control system of the central nervous system, stored in the skull
Term
Spinal cord
Definition
A tubular bundle of nerves that are an extension of teh central nervous system and are protected by the vertebral column; the main function on the spinal cord is to deliver nerve impulses from the brain to the entire body and back
Term
Main function of the reproductive system
Definition
The survival of the species
Term
Uterus
Definition
Womb of the female
Term
Mammary glands
Definition
Produce milk for the young
Term
Ovaries
Definition
Site of production of the unfertilized eggs where many of the hormones for pregnancy and heat cycles arise
Term
Four cycles of Heat
Definition
Proestrus, estrus, diestrus, and anestrus
Term
Radiology
Definition
Often used for evaluation of bony structures and soft tissues
Term
Mrdical sonography (ultrasonography)
Definition
An ultrasound-based diagnostic medical imaging technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and many internal organs, their size, structure and any pathological lesions with real time tomographic images
Term
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
Primarily used in medical imaging to visualize the structure and function of the body
Term
Computed tomography (CT)
Definition
Medical imaging method employing tomography
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