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Details

Radiation
Physics & Safety
27
Veterinary Medicine
Not Applicable
04/16/2017

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Cards

Term
What is the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?
Definition
ionizing has enough energy to cause atoms to lose electrons (xray gamma, alpha)
Term
What is scintigraphy?
Definition
bone scanning
Term
True or False

x rays are not ionizing radiation
Definition
false
Term
What is the primary beam vs secondary? When is it acceptable to be exposed to the primary beam?
Definition
Primary = direct exposure to xrays on their original path
-never acceptable

Scatter - xrays that were deflected
Term
True or False

Lead barriers are meant to protect users from exposure to the primary beam
Definition
false - scatter beam (lower energy than primary beam)
Term
Examples of stochastic effects of radiation exposure...
Definition
cancer, genetic damage
Term
Examples of deterministic effects of radiation exposure...
Definition
cataracts, skin burns
Term
What is ALARA
Definition
As Low AS Reasonably Achievable
Term
3 principles of radiation protection + examples of how you can work to achieve each
Definition
Time
-don't manually restrain, rotate shifts in radiology, minimize re-tales

Distance
-exposure intensity is inversely proportional to distance from source
-use devices to hold casette, restrain patient etc

Shielding
-walls (leave room if you can), protective attire
Term
Main source of xray exposure in practice is due to...
Definition
manual restraint of patients
Term
Dosimiters should be place above/below the lead
Definition
above
Term
Portion of x-ray machine that actually makes xras
Definition
xray tube
Term
4 components of an xray tube
Definition
cathode
anode
generator
housing (heat dissipation, creates vacuum)
Term
When an x-ray beam is generated, it starts at the ____ and electrons will target the ____
Definition
cathode
anode
Term
What does the generator do?
Definition
creates a voltage potential across the tube
Term
Put these in order:

Electrons are accelerated towards rotating anode

Electrons interact with atoms of the anode to create x-rays


Anode begins to rotate

Cathode is heated and e-cloud is formed

Voltage is applied across the tube

Focusing cup keeps the e- contained
Definition
Cathode is heated and e-cloud is formed
Focusing cup keeps the e- contained
Anode begins to rotate
Voltage is applied across the tube
Electrons are accelerated towards rotating anode
Electrons interact with atoms of the anode to create x-rays
Term
What is a Bremsstrauhlung xray?
Definition
xray generated by electrons slowing down when they hit the anode, causing energy to be released
Term
What is a characteristic xray?
Definition
xray generated by electrons bombarding the anode, displacing the electrons already within it
Term
Xray production happens at the (anode/cathode)
Definition
anode
Term
True or False

Only 1% of electrons that leave the cathode, contribute to generating the diagnostic x-ray beam
Definition
true
Term
What is kVP? A higher kVP will (increase/decrease) energy of the xray and (increase/decrease) the number of xrays generated
Definition
the voltage potential applied across the tube

increase energy
increase number
Term
What does changing the mA do?

A higher mA will (increase/decrease) energy of the xray and (increase/decrease) the number of xrays generated
Definition
controls side of electron cloud (number of electrons)

doesn't affect energy
increases number
Term
If a current is applied to the cathode for a longer time, the number of xrays produced will (increase/decrease)
Definition
increase
Term
When taking a radiograph of a dog's chest, what is the most important factor to consider when setting the xray machine?
Definition
want the time of exposure to be short as possible to reduce the amount of motion that appears on film
Term
How can you compensate for an animal that is moving while trying to take a radiograph?
Definition
restraint

decrease S
increase mA
Term
T or F

The whitest areas of a radiograph are where the xray beam was blocked
Definition
true
Term
What principle of xray physics is responsible or image generation?
Definition
photoelectric effect
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