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Quiz 3
Chapter 5 & 6
77
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
10/14/2013

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Term
Shaping
Definition
The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior.
Term
naturally occurring phenomenon
Definition
Shaping is not just an instructional tool, it is also a ______.
Term
variation and selection
Definition
In both natural selection and shaping, new forms evolve through _____.
Term
Behavior Chain
Definition
A series of related behaviors, the last of which produces reinforcement.
Term
Chaining
Definition
Teaching a person or an animal to perform a behavior chain is called _____.
Term
Task Analysis
Definition
The first step in chaining is to break the task down into its component elements, a procedure called _____.
Term
Forward Chaining
Definition
A chaining procedure in which training begins with the first link in the chain and adds subsequent links in order.
Term
Backward Chaining
Definition
A chaining procedure in which training begins with the last link in the chain and adds preceding links in reverse order.
Term
performed backward
Definition
Note that in backward chaining, the chain is never _____.
Term
the opportunity to perform the next step in the chain.
Definition
An interesting thing about chaining is that each link in the chain is reinforced, at least in part, by _____.
Term
last act
Definition
Only the _____ in a chain typically produces a reinforcer that is not part of the chain.
Term
Problem
Definition
A ____ is a situation in which reinforcement is available, but the behavior necessary to produce it is not.
Term
novelty
Definition
Creativity has been defined in many way, but one feature that is always mentioned is ____.
Term
creative
Definition
When original behavior has positive consequences, people are more likely to be _____.
Term
Superstitious Behavior
Definition
Any behavior that occurs repeatedly even though it does not produce the reinforcers that maintain it.
Term
coincidental
Definition
Superstitious behavior is the product of _____ reinforcement.
Term
Learned Helplessness
Definition
The tendency to give up on a problem as a result of previous exposure to insoluble problems. In experiments the problem usually involves escape learning.
Term
Learned Industriousness
Definition
The tendency to persist at a problem as a result of previous reinforcement of persistence at difficult problems.
Term
intelligence
Definition
Thorndike studied animal learning as a way of measuring animal _____.
Term
Clever Hans
Definition
The horse that could apparently do math, but which was really reacting to subtleties in its owner.
Term
accidental success
Definition
Thorndike liked to say that learning was the result of trial and _____.
Term
Law of effect
Definition
The statement that behavior is a function of its consequences.
Term
- the environment (situation or context) in which a behavior occurs
- the behavior that occurs
- the change in the environment following the behavior
- change in behavior produced by its consequences
Definition
Four key elements of Thorndike's law of Effect
Term
- can measure rate of response
- changed wording from "satisfaction" to increase decrease in behavior
Definition
2 ways Skinner improved Thorndike's work.
Term
Operant Learning/ Instrumental Learning
Definition
Any procedure or experience in which a behavior becomes stronger or weaker depending on its consequences.
Term
- Positive Reinforcement
- Negative Reinforcement
- Positive Punishment
- Negative Punishment
Definition
Four types of operant procedures.
Term
Positive and Negative Reinforcement
Definition
Operant procedures that increase the strength of behavior.
Term
Positive and Negative Punishment
Definition
Operant procedures that decrease the strength of behavior.
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
An increase in the strength of behavior due to its consequences.
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
the consequence of a behavior is the appearance of, or an increase in the intensity of, a stimulus.
Term
Positive reinforcer
Definition
the stimulus in positive reinforcement, which is ordinarily something the individual seeks out
Term
Reward learning
Definition
Positive Reinforcement is sometimes called ____.
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
A behavior is strengthened by the removal, or a decrease in the intensity of a stimulus.
Term
Negative Reinforcer
Definition
The stimulus in Negative Reinforcement, which is ordinarily something that the individual tries to escape or avoid.
Term
Escape learning or Escape-avoidance learning
Definition
Negative Reinforcement is sometimes called ____.
Term
Behavioral momentum
Definition
A term used to refer to the strength of a reinforced behavior.
Term
- Primary
- Secondary
- Natural
- Contrived
Definition
Four kinds of Reinforcers
Term
Primary reinforcers
Definition
Reinforcers that appear to be innately effective.
Term
Unconditioned reinforcers
Definition
Primary reinforcers are often called ____ because they are not dependent on learning experiences.
Term
satiation
Definition
The loss of effectiveness of primary reinforcers due to their repeated use.
Term
Secondary reinforcers
Definition
Those reinforcers that are not innate, but the result of learning experiences.
Term
Conditioned reinforcers
Definition
Secondary reinforcers are often called _____.
Term
Generalized Reinforcer
Definition
Any secondary reinforcer that has been paired with several different reinforcers and is effective in a wide variety of situations.
Term
Natural Reinforcers
Definition
Those reinforcers that follow spontaneously from a behavior.
Term
Automatic Reinforcers
Definition
Natural reinforcers are sometimes called _____ because each reinforcing event is an automatic consequence of an action.
Term
Contrived Reinforcers
Definition
Those reinforcers that are provided by someone for the purposes of modifying behavior.
Term
Contingency
Definition
____ refers to the likelihood that a reinforcer will follow a behavior.
Term
- Contingency
- Contiguity
- Reinforcer Characteristics
- Behavior Characteristics
- Motivating Operations
Definition
Variables affecting operant learning.
Term
Contiguity, shorter
Definition
_____ refers to the gap in time between a behavior and its reinforcing consequences. In general, the ___ the interval, the faster learning occurs.
Term
magnitude
Definition
One important characteristic of a reinforcer its its size or strength (sometimes referred to as _____).
Term
less
Definition
In general, the more you increase the amount of a reinforcer, the ____ benefit you get from the increase.
Term
Preferred reinforcers
Definition
Identifying ____ can improve the effectiveness of a reinforcement procedure in applied settings.
Term
smooth muscles and glands
Definition
Behavior that depends on _____________ is harder to reinforce than behavior that depends on skeletal muscles.
Term
Motivating Operation
Definition
Anything that changes to effectiveness of a consequence.
Term
-Establishing operations
-Abolishing operations
Definition
Two kinds of motivating operations
Term
Establishing operations
Definition
Increase the effectiveness of a consequence
Term
Abolishing operations
Definition
Decrease the effectiveness of a consequence
Term
Previous learning Experience
Definition
An "other variable" that is particularly important is ______.
Term
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain
Definition
ESB
Term
Dopamine
Definition
A neurotransmitter that produces a natural "high" and is thought to play a major role in reinforcement
Term
Reward Pathway
Definition
An area of the brain that, when stimulated reinforces behavior. It is thought to be key to the neurological basis of reinforcement.
Term
more
Definition
Unexpected reinforcers produce ____ dopamine than expected reinforcers.
Term
epinephrine, adrenaline
Definition
Dopamine is a precursor for ___, better known as _____, another important neurotransmitter in learning.
Term
- Hull's Drive-Reduction Theory
- Relative Value Theory and the Premack Principle
- Response-Deprivation Theory
Definition
3 theories of Positive Reinforcement
Term
Secondary reinforcers
Definition
Hull's Drive-reduction theory did not seem to account (well) for ______.
Term
Drive
Definition
In Hull's theory of reinforcement, a motivational state (such as hunger) caused by a period of deprivation (as of food).
Term
Drive-reduction theory
Definition
the theory of reinforcement that attributes a reinforcer's effectiveness to the reduction of a drive.
Term
Premack Principle
Definition
The observation that high-probability behavior reinforcers low-probability behavior.
Term
Relative Value Theory
Definition
Theory of reinforcement that considers reinforcers to be behaviors rather than stimuli and that attributes a reinforcer's effectiveness to its probability relative to other behaviors.
Term
fallen below
Definition
Response-deprivation theory predicts that the opportunity to engage in any behavior that has _____ the baseline level will be reinforcing.
Term
Response-Deprivation Theory
Definition
The theory of reinforcement that says behavior is reinforcing to the extent that the organism has been deprived (relative to its baseline frequency) of performing that behavior.
Term
Equilibrium theory or Response Restriction theory
Definition
Response-Deprivation theory is also called ____.
Term
- Two-Process Theory
- One- Process Theory
Definition
2 Theories of Avoidance
Term
Two-Process Theory
Definition
The view that avoidance and punishment involve two procedures: Pavlovian and Operant learning.
Term
decreases
Definition
Fear of the CS ____ as the animal learns to avoid shock.
Term
Sidman avoidance procedure
Definition
An escape-avoidance training procedure in which no stimulus regularly precedes the aversive stimulus. Also called unsignaled avoidance.
Term
One-process theory
Definition
the view that avoidance and punishment involve only one procedure: operant learning
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