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Pyschology 107 CH 4
The Science of Psychology
46
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/20/2011

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Term
Sensation
Definition
The process of reciving stimulus energies form the external environement and transforming those energies into neural energy
Term
Perception
Definition
The process of organizing and interpeting sensory infromation so that it has meaning
Term
Bottom-up Processing
Definition
The operation in sensation and perception in which sensory receptors register information about the external enviroment and send it up to the brain for interpretation.
Term
Top-Down Processing
Definition
The operation in sensation and perception, launched by cognitive processing at the brain's higher levels, that allows the organishm to sense what is happneing and to apply tha framework to information from the world.
Term
Sensory Receptors
Definition
Specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory nerves and the brain.
Term
Absolute Threshold
Definition
The minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect.
Term
Noise
Definition
Irrelevant and competing stimuli-not only sounds but also any distracting stimuli for our senses.
Term
Difference Threshold
Definition
The degree of differene that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is dectected.
Term
Weber's Law
Definition
The principal that two stimuli must differ by as constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be percieved as different.
Term
Subliminal Perception
Definition
The detection of information below the level of consicious awareness.
Term
Signal Detection Theory
Definition
A theory of perception that focuses on decision making about stimuli in the presence of uncertainty.
Term
Attention
Definition
The process of focusing awareness on a narrowed aspect of the environement.
Term
Selective Attention
Definition
The process of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others
Term
Perceptual Set
Definition
A predispostion of readiness to percieve in a paticular way.
Term
Sensory Adaptation
Definition
A change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation
Term
Retina
Definition
The multilayered light-sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain
Term
Rods
Definition
The recpetor cells in the retina that are sensitive to light but not very useful for color vision.
Term
Cones
Definition
The receptors cells in the retina that allow for color preception.
Term
Optic Nerve
Definition
The structure at the back of the eye, made up of axns of the ganglion cells, that carries visual information to the brain for further processing.
Term
Feature Detectors
Definition
Neurons in the brain's visual system that respond to particular features of a stimulus
Term
Parallel Processing
Definition
The simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways.
Term
Binding
Definition
In the sense of vision, the bringing together and intergration of what is processed by different neural pathways or cells.
Term
Trichromatic Theory
Definition
Theory stating that color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retinea that are particularly sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths.
Term
Opponent-Process Theory
Definition
Theory stating that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue.
Term
Figure-Ground Relationship
Definition
The principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stumuli that stand out(figure) and those that are left over(ground).
Term
Gestalt Psychology
Definition
A school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns.
Term
Depth Preception
Definition
The ability to percieve objects three-dimensionally.
Term
Binocular Cues
Definition
Depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together.
Term
Convergence
Definition
A binocular cue to depth and distance in which the muscle movements in our two eyes provide information about how deep and/or far away something is.
Term
Monocular Cues
Definition
Powerful depth cues available from the image in one eye, either the right or the left.
Term
Apparent Movement
Definition
The perception that a stationary object is moving.
Term
Perceptual Constancy
Definition
The recoginition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing.
Term
Outer Ear
Definition
The outermost part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and external auditory canal.
Term
Middle Ear
Definition
The part of the ear that channels sound through the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup to the inner ear.
Term
Inner Ear
Definition
The part of the ear that includes the oval window, cochlea, and basilar membrane and whose functions is to convert sound waves into neural impulses and send them to the brain.
Term
Place Theory
Definition
Theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that each frequency produces vibrations at a paticular spot on the basilar membrane.
Term
Frequency Theory
Definition
Theory on how the innner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that the preception of a sound's frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires.
Term
Volley Principle
Definition
Modification of frequency theory stating that a cluster of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in a rapid succession, producing a volley of impulses.
Term
Auditory Nerve
Definition
The nerve structure that recieves information about sound from the hair cells of the inner ear and carries these neural impulses to the brain's auditory areas.
Term
Thermorecpetors
Definition
Sensory nerve endings under the skin that respond to changes in temperature at or near the skin and provide input to keep the body's tempurature at 98.6 F.
Term
Pain
Definition
The sensation that warns us of damage to our bodies.
Term
Papillae
Definition
Rounded bumps above the tongue's surface that contain the taste buds, the receptors for taste.
Term
Olfactory Epithelium
Definition
The lining the roof of the nasal cavity, containing a sheet of receptor cells for smell.
Term
Kinesthetic Senses
Definition
Senses that provide information about movement, posture, and orientation.
Term
Vestibular Sense
Definition
Sense that provides information about balance and movement.
Term
Semiciruclar Canals
Definition
Three fluid-filled circular tubes in the inner ear containing the sensory receptors that detect head motion caused when we tilt or move our head and/or body.
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