Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Pysch of Adjustment Test 2
Chapters 5-7
121
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/27/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Self perception
Definition
an organized collection of beliefs about the self
Term
self-schemas
Definition
self concepts
Term
Self-concept shapes _____ __________ and is developed from ____ ____________
Definition
social perception, past expiriences
Term
What does one's self concept include?
Definition
personality trais, abilities, physical feature, values, goals and social roles, strengths and weaknesses
Term
Possible selves
Definition
one's conception about the kind of person one might become in the future (+ or -, delta)
Term
beliefs about self are __________ and are most susceptible to _______________
Definition
fairly stable, change during life transisitions
Term
self-discrepancies
Definition
a mismatch between self perceptions that make up the actual self, ideal self and ought self
Term
Three types of self-perception
Definition
1) actual : qualities you actual possess 2)ideal: charateristics you would like to have
3) ought: traits you believe you should have
Term
Actual self vs ideal self can lead to?
Ex?
Definition
dejection, sadness, dissapointment (i.e. weight, eating disorders)
Term
Actual self vs ough selve can lead to? Ex?
Definition
agitation, irritability, anxiety, guilt; (stealing vs not wanting to, anxiety disorders)
Term
self-discrpancies are affected by what factors?
Definition
amout, awareness, and importance of discrepanct
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
ways to cope with discrepancies (bring acutal with ideal)
Definition
change behavior, make ideal more realistic, BAD=blunt self awareness
Term
Festinger came up with the ______ _________ _______
Definition
social comparison theory: we compare ourselves with other to assess their abilities/opinion, improve skills and maintain self-image
Term
Reference group, upward comparision, downward comparision
Definition
o a set of people who are used as a gauge in making social comparisons.
• Can help facilitate goal pursuit
• Used to bolster self-esteem
Term
Aspects of social comparison theory
Definition
1) reference group 2) feedback from others 3) social context 4) cultural values
Term
what is the Michelangelo phenomenon?
Definition
when someone close to you helps to sculpt one into ideal self
Term
self-esteem
Definition
your overall assessment of your worth as a person based on many aspects of the self
Term
trait self-esteem
Definition
ongoing sense of confidence people have regarding their abilities and charaterstics
Term
state self-esteem
Definition
dynamic and changeable, refeering to how you feel about yourself in the moment
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
state self-esteem
Definition
dynamic and changeable, refeering to how you feel about yourself in the moment
Term
Sociometer Theory emphasizes what?
Definition
The subjective nature of self-esteem in regards to one's perception of success and popularity
Term
narcissism
Definition
regarding oneself as grandiosely self-important, feel they deserve special treatment
Term
what are two elements crucial in development of self-esteem?
Definition
parental acceptance and parental control
Term
4 types of parenting styles
Definition
1) authoritatvie (^ cn ^ ac)
2) authoritarain (^ cn low ac)
3) permissive (low cn ^ ac)
4) neglectful (low cn low ac)
Term

  •  
    • African-American ↑ White individuals
    • White individuals ↑ Asian, Hispanic, Native Americans (but small diffs)
    • White males ↑ than white females, but
    • Minority males ↓ than minority females
    • Males ↑  than females, and
    • white females ↓ minority females

Definition
ethnicity and gender
Term
4 types of parenting styles
Definition
1) authoritatvie (^ cn ^ ac)
2) authoritarain (^ cn low ac)
3) permissive (low cn ^ ac)
4) neglectful (low cn low ac)
Term
Three elements of cognitive processes
Definition
autonomic processing: default/mindlessness, controlled processing: comprehension/mindfulness, selective attentions: cocktail party effect
Term
self-attributions
Definition
inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior
Term
Key dimensions of attributions
Definition
1) internal vs external 2) stable vs unstable 3) controllable vs uncontrollable
Term
examples of stable vs unstable
Definition
SI-intelligence SE-laws/rules UI-mood/motivation UE-weather
Term
Types of explanatory styles
Definition
1) optomistic 2) pessimistic
Term
Motives guiding self understanding
Definition
1) assessment:feedback-->goals 2) verification: self-verification theory3) improvement: better selves 4) enhancement: + about self, illusions of control
Term
Methods of self-enhancement
Definition
1) downward social comparision 2) self-serving bias: + me - them 3)basking in reflected glory: "my cuzzin is Shaq" 4) self-handicapping
Term
self-regulation
Definition
the process of directing and controling one's BR
Term
according to the "ego-depletion model"
Definition
people have alimited amount of self-control
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
beliefs about what you can do
Term
how can self-efficacy be developed?
Definition
1) mastery 2) vicarious 3) persuasion/encouragement 4) interpretation of emtional arousal
Term
self-defeating behavior
Definition
seemingly intentional actions that thward a person's self-interest
Term
Types of self-defeating behavior
Definition
1) deliberate self-destruction 2) trade offs 3) counterproductuve strategies
Term
public self
Definition
an image presented to others in social interactions
Term
spotlight effect
Definition
we think people think about us and evaluate use more than they actually do
Term
impression management
Definition
usually conscious effors by people to influence how others think of them
Term
What are some ways that people claim an identity and gain liking/approval from others?
Definition
1) ingratiation:be likable 2) self-promotion 3) exemplification: do really nice things 4) negative acknowledgment 5) intimidation 6) supplication: presenting oneself as weak
Term
self-monitoring
Definition
the degree to which people attend to and control the impressions they make on others
Term
source in information of perceptions?
Definition
1) appearance 2) verbal behavior 3) actions 4) nonverbal messages 5) situations
Term
attributions
Definition
inference that people draw abotut he causes of their own/other's behavior and events; made when people act diff/weird
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
tendency to seek info that support's one's belief while not pursuing dis-confirming info (double standard)
Term
self-fulfilling prophecies
Definition
occurs when expectations about a person cause the person to behave in ways that confirm the expectations
Term
why do stereoypes persist?
Definition
simplicity, confirmation bias, self-fulfilling prophecy
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
tendency to explain other's behavior as the result of person, rather than situational factors
Term
defensive attribution
Definition
tendencey to blame victums for their misfortune to make use feel safer
Term
key themes in person perception
Definition
efficiency: no more than neccessary selectivity: we see what we expect to see consistency: people find comfort (primary effect=first impressions)
Term
prejudice
Definition
negative attitude toward members of a group
Term
discrimination
Definition
behaving differently, usually unfairly, towards the members of a group
Term
racism
Definition
a type of prejudice specific to race
Term
"old fashioned" vs modern discrimination
Definition
OF-overt MD- private harbored negativa attitudes, expressed when justified or safe
Term
microaggresions
Definition
o Brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of color
Term
when is obedience strongest?
Definition
demands increase gradually, pther take responsibility for your actions, we are motivated to meet the authority figure's expectations
Term
consistency principle
Definition
states that once people agree to soemthing, they will tend to stick with it (footNdoor, lowball)
Term
foot in door technique
Definition
technique of consistency princple when you get people to agree to something small and then increase it
Term
low ball
Definition
technique in consistency technique that makes something attractive before showing hidden costs
Term
reciprocity principle
Definition
exploits the tendency for people to think that they should pay back in kind what they receive from others (door in face)
Term
door in face technique
Definition
involves making a large request than going back down to smaller request
Term
scarcity principle
Definition
if people believe that something is scarce, it must be good an they are more likely to buy it (reactance)
Term
reactance
Definition
when something seems limited, people want it more (time is running out, limited supply)
Term
communication
Definition
process of sending and recieivng message that have meaning
Term
interpersonal comm
Definition
interaction process win which a apresons sends a message to some else; interactional process
Term
components of communication process
Definition
sender, reciever, message, channel
Term
noise
Definition
any stimulous that interferes with accuratley expressing or understanding a message (enviro, psych-defensiveness, semnatic-profanity, bad lingo)
Term
context
Definition
the environment in which comm takes place
Term
context elements
Definition

§  Environment (location, time of day, noise level)

§  Method(face-to-face, phone, internet)

§  Method-(friends, family, colleague)

§  History (previous interactions)

§  Mood (happy/stressed)

Cultural Background (may have diff rules of communication

Term
context
Definition
the environment in which comm takes place
Term
nonverbal communications
Definition
transmission of meaning through means or symbols other than works
Term
types of nonverbal comm
Definition

§  Interpersonal distance

§  Facial expression

§  Eye contact

§  Body posture & movement

§  Gestures

§  Physical Touch

§  Tone of Voice

Term
nonverbal communications
Definition
transmission of meaning through means or symbols other than works
Term
general principle of nonverbal comm
Definition

  1. convey info w/o words
  2. multichanneled 
  3. abiguous (hard to interpret)
  4. contradictory
  5. culture-bond

Term
nonverbal communications
Definition
transmission of meaning through means or symbols other than works
Term
elements of nonverbal
Definition
personal space, facial expression, eye contact, paralanguage,body language, touch
Term
proxemics
Definition
the study of people's use of personal space (zone of space around a person that is fel to 'belong' to that person)
Term
factors influcing want of personal space
Definition
culture/social nroms, status of involved parties, how well you know them
Term
studies show that ____,___,___,___,___, and _____ are recongized world wide
Definition
anger, happiness, suprise, fear, sadness, digust
Term
display rules
Definition
rules that govern emotional expression/appropiate displat of emotions
Term
kinesics
Definition
study of communication through body movements (open vs closed)
Term
interpretation of touch influenced by?
Definition
age/gender person, setting, relationships btwn persons
Term
paralanguage
Definition
how somehting is said vs what is said (emphasis, speech variation)
Term
Liars say ______,are more ________ and make a more _____ impression
Definition
less, tense, negative
Term
nonverbal sensitivity
Definition
the ability to accurately encode (express) and decode (understand) nonverbal cues
Term
facts about nonverbal sensitivity
Definition
women + (social), associated with better adjustment/academic/social/relationships, can be improved
Term
how can you create a positive interpersonal climate?
Definition
1) empathy 2) no judgement 3) honesty 4) approach as equals 5) express opinions tentatively
Term
step for sucessful small talk
Definition
1) indicate you are open to conversation by commenting on your surrounds 2) intro sled 3) pick good topic 4) keep convo going 5) make smooth exit
Term
self-disclosure
Definition
the act of sharing info about yourself with another person; imp to adjustment because: 1) sharing problem with other=good mental health 2) leads to feeling of closeness 3) relationships satisfaction
Term
How can you reduce the risk of disclosure
Definition
1)for more intimacy, disclose gradually 2) look for reciprocala disclosure 3) dont do more than the other 4) watch for nonverbal stops 5) bware of electronic
Term
how can you be an effective listener
Definition
1) show interest 2) hear b4 talk 3) active listen (clarification/paraphrase/NO AVICE) 4) nonverbals
Term
communication apprehension
Definition
anxiety caused by having to talk to others: Avoidance, w.drawal, disruption, over communications
Term
barriers to effect communication
Definition
1) defensive 2) motivational distortion (hear what you want to hear) 3) self-preoccupation (self-serving, all talking) 4) game playing (manipulate)
Term
five types of conflict
Definition

  • puesdoconflict-false conflict from game playing used to draw a person in
  • fact-based; Ex. "What time were we supposed to leave"
  • policy conflict- how to handle situation
  • value-based-opposing beliefs
  • ego-based-winning vs resolving issues

Term
styles of managing conflict
Definition
1) avoidance (low self/others) 2) accommodating (low self/high others) 3) competing (high self/low others)4) compromising (moderate self/others) 5)collab (high self/others)
Term
assertiveness
Definition
involves acting in your own best interest by expressing your thoughts and feeling directly and honestly
Term
Steps in assertiveness training
Definition
1) learn what assertive is 2) monitor behavior 3) observe someone 4) practice (RP/imagine/shaping) 5) adopt assertiveness
Term
Why should you want to have interpersonal effectiveness?
Definition
1) reaching goals/objs 2) getting/keeping relationship 3) keeping/improving self respect
Term
DEAR MAN GIVE FAST
Definition
D.E.A.R. M.A.N. (OBJ) G.I.V.E. (RELATION) F.A.S.T. (SELF)
Term
D.E.A.R.
Definition

D-describe whats bothering you

E-express feelings

A-assertiveness in saying what is wrong

R-reinforce (with pros/cons)

Term
M.A.N.
Definition

M- maintain position

A-appear confident

N- negotiate

Term
g.i.v.e.
Definition

G- be gentle

I-show interest/active listen

V- validate

E-easy manner (humor, etc)

Term
F.A.S.T.
Definition

F-fair to everyone

A- apologies in moderation

S- stick to values

T- truth

Term
DEAR MAN GIVE FAST
Definition
D.E.A.R. M.A.N. (OBJ) G.I.V.E. (RELATION) F.A.S.T. (SELF)
Term
miccroassualts
Definition
consicious and intentional actions or slurs (nigga! swastika)
Term
miccroinsults
Definition
communication that subtly convey rueness and insensitivity and demean a person's reacial heritage/identity
Term
microinvalidation
Definition
communications that subtly exclude/negate/nullify thoughts feelings or realtiy of person of color
Term
authoriation personality type
Definition
personality type charaterized by prejusticee toward any group percieved as different
Term
ingroup favoritsm vs
Definition
outgroup derogation
Term
persuasion
Definition
involved the communication of arguments and info itneded to change another's attitudes
Term
attitudes
Definition
beliefs and feeling about people, events, ideas
Term
beliefs
Definition
feelings about people, events ideas
Term
feelings
Definition
how strongly we feel about something (+ or -)
Term
need for cognition
Definition
tendency to seek out and enjoy effotful thought, problem solving activities, and in-depth analysis
Term
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Definition
a persons thoughts bout a persuasive message (rather than it) determine wether attitude will change
Term
Normative influence
Definition
people conform to social norms for fear of negative social consequences
Term
Informational influence –
Definition
when people look to others for how to behave
Supporting users have an ad free experience!