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constitution cards
51
Social Studies
8th Grade
04/23/2012

Additional Social Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

Reform and Culture

Definition

This unit addresses the cultural aspects of the United States history during the 19th century.

* In addition, it addresses the reform movements of the mid-1800s, including public education, temperance, prison reform, care of the disabled and women’s rights.

* Finally, it takes an in-depth study of the abolition movement.

Term

Major Eras and Events in U.S. History through 1877

Definition

[image]Prisons

      Temperance

Term

Frederick Douglass

Definition

[image]Leading African-American abolitionist,

accomplished orator and writer

Term

Susan B. Anthony

Definition

[image]Key spokesperson for Suffrage – right to vote

      the 19th century women’s suffrage movement

Term

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Definition

      Leader of the 19th century women’s suffrage movement

      Called for the first convention of women’s movement in Seneca Falls

      Wrote the “Declaration of Sentiments” which was approved at the Seneca Falls Convention

Term

Political, Social, and Economic Contributions of Women to American Society

Definition

      Political: began the fight for suffrage

      Social: allowed women to be successful in other fields

      Economic: fought for women’s rights; they were able to get the work day reduced to 10 hours a day

Term

Historical Development of the Abolitionist Movement

Definition

      Abolitionist movement worked to end slavery

      1807 – Congress banned the importation of African slaves into the United States and then demand began to end slavery

      1820 – 1840 – Abolitionists grew in number

      1840 – 1850 – Abolitionist leaders Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth began to speak out across the nation; The Underground Railroad began to make an impact and the Women’s Movement joined in

Term

Reform Movements

Definition

    Public Education

      Opening of public schools

      Primarily in the North as well as        private grade schools and colleges

      By churches and other groups

Term

Reform Movements

Definition

[image]Organized societies that worked at trying to   stop the drinking of alcohol

ØSome states passed laws that made it illegal to  sell alcohol

Term

Reform Movements

Definition

[image]Women’s Rights

ØWell organized groups that fought for better working conditions for women

ØWere able to pass a federal law that ordered a 10 hour working day

Term

Reform Movements

Definition

      Prison Reform

    Pushed for separate jails for women, men, and children

    Called for the mission of prisons to be rehabilitation

Term

Reform Movements

Definition

[image]Care of the disabled

Building of new hospitals for the mentally ill, deaf, and blind

Term

Religious Motivation for Immigration and Influence on Social Movements

Definition

Second Great Awakening

    Brought more denominations that intensified the lines between classes and regions

      Spawned many of the humanitarian reform movements; prison reform, women’s rights, temperance, and abolition of slavery

Term

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

Definition

   An American literary political and philosophical movement in the early 19th Century

   These men were critics of their contemporary society for its unthinking conformity and urged each individual find their independent relation to the universe

   Particularly utilizing solitude in nature

Ralph Waldo

Emerson , author

Term

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

Definition

[image]Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter

 

                    Edgar Allan Poe

Term

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

Definition

[image]Drew American wildlife

Term

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

Definition

Hudson River School Artists

[image]Their paintings depict the American landscape and reflect three themes of America in the 19th Century:

      Discovery

      Exploration

      Settlement

 

 

Albert Bierstadt; The Oregon Trail

Term

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

Definition

MUSIC

Slave spirituals and gospel music

“Battle Hymn of the Republic”

[image]Still a well-loved patriotic anthem

Term

Examples of American Art, Music, and Literature that Reflect Society

Definition

Literature

[image]American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885),[2] the latter often called "the Great American Novel."

Term

1803 – 1850

Definition

      Manifest Destiny – belief that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its borders from “sea to sea” across the North American continent

Term

Major Elements of Manifest Destiny

Definition

[image]Westward Expansion

      War with Mexico

      Annexation of Texas

      Gold Rush

Term

Northwest Ordinance 1787

Definition

[image]Had to be at least 5,000 men who owned at least 50 acres

      60,000 people

      An existing form of self-government

Term

Economic, Political, and Social Roots of Manifest Destiny

Definition

  Economic:

   New land for farmers

   New trade routes and markets (Santa Fe Trail)

   New opportunities to start a business

    Political

   Expansion of our nation’s borders/territories

   Expansion of slavery

    Social

   Removal of Native Americans

  Refuge for persecuted groups (Mormons)

Term

Relationship Between the Concept of Manifest Destiny and the Westward Growth of the Nation

Definition

The United States government and its citizens believed that the nation’s destiny or fate was to expand westward from sea to sea

Term

Causes of the
United States-Mexican War       

Definition

      Annexation of Texas

      Viewed as a “War of Aggression” by many Americans

      Causes:

     President Polk’s desire to expand the United States (Manifest Destiny)

     Border disputes concerning the southern boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was claimed by Texas and disputed by Mexico.)

Term

Effects and Impacts of the
United States-Mexican War

Definition

      Effects and Impact

     Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ends the war

      Grants the United States the Mexican territory of New Mexico, Arizona and California

     United States paid Mexico $10 million for the Gadsden Purchase to help repay Mexico for the annexation of Texas in 1845

 

Term

Areas Acquired to Create the United States

Definition

      Louisiana Purchase

      Mexican Cession

     New Mexico, Arizona, California

      Gadsden Purchase

      Oregon Territory

      Alaska Purchase

     Seward’s Folly

 

Term

Sectionalism

Definition

      loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole

      Regions: North, South, West, Slave States, Free States

      States: Texas, California, Kansas, Nebraska

      Cities: Washington, D.C.

Term

Physical Characteristics of the Environment and their Influence on Population Distribution, Settlement Patterns, and Economic Activities in the US

Definition

      Gold in California

     Rush of settlers to California; pushed many American Indians off their lands; population of California quickly rises to the amount required for statehood

      California’s proximity to the Pacific Ocean

     Led to an increase of immigration from Asian nations

      Rocky Mountains

     Location between eastern and western parts of the United States resulted in a need for the Gadsden Purchase to put in a railroad train for transport of goods from East to West

Term

Missouri Compromise, 1820

Definition

Term

Nullification Crisis, 1828

Definition

          Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs

          In 1832, a lower tariff was passed

        Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun

        South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders

        Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties

        To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833

        The Government lowers the tariff and backs down

 

Term

Nullification Crisis, 1828

Definition

         Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs

         In 1832, a lower tariff was passed

       Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun

       South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders

       Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties

       To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833

       The Government lowers the tariff and backs down

 

Term

Compromise of 1850

Definition

         Sponsored by Henry Clay

         Allowed California to enter the Union as a free state (pleased the North)

         The rest of the Southwest was left open to slavery, depending on a vote of the people (popular sovereignty) who settled there (pleased the South)

         Ended the slave trade in Washington, DC

         Allowed those owning slaves to keep them (pleased both sides)

         INCLUDED The Fugitive Slave Law

       Required the return of escaped slaves to their owners (pleased the South, angered the North because they felt it was immoral)

 

Term

Kansas – Nebraska Act, 1854

Definition

        Allowed for Kansas and Nebraska to be organized on the basis of popular sovereignty

     That is, the people would vote themselves to decide if they would be Free or Slave

 

Term

John C. Calhoun

Definition

[image]Favored states’ rights

        Led opposition in South Carolina to the protective Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

 

Term

Henry Clay

Definition

[image]Admitted Missouri as a slave state

      Admitted Maine as a free state

 

Term

Daniel Webster

Definition

[image]Worked to create compromises with the southern states that would delay the start of the Civil War

 

Term

Roles Played by Significant Individuals During the Civil War

Definition

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Term

Robert E. Lee

Definition

[image]His battle strategies are admired to this day, but he was criticized for having a narrow strategy centered on his native Virginia

         He surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865

 

Term

Abraham Lincoln

Definition

16th President of the United States

Term

William Carney

Definition

[image]Reason for citation: when the 54th’s sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors there. When the troops fell back he brought the flag, under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely wounded

Term

Philip Bazar

Definition

         Born in Chile, South America

         Was a navy seaman in the Union Navy

         Won the Medal of Honor for his distinguished service in the Civil War

      Reason for citation: on board the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba during the assault on Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865

      As one of a boat crew detailed to one of the generals on shore

      Bazar bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the battle

      He was one of six men who entered the fort in the assault from the fleet

 

Term

Sectionalism

 

 

Definition

Loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns

 

In the United States, the differences between northern southern, and western areas increased throughout the early 1800s.

 

Different cultures and business practices existed in the three sections of the country and these concerns often conflicted.

Farming was the main livelihood of all three section

Term

Major Events of the Civil War

Definition

         Firing on Fort Sumter

         Fort Sumter, South Carolina

         A federal fort in the Charleston Harbor

         Was fired upon by Rebel forces to begin the Civil War

         April 12, 1861

         P.G.T. Beauregard, Confederate

         Major Robert Anderson, Union

 

Term

Battle of Antietam, 1862

Definition

         The Confederacy started to draft soldiers to meet the demand for the troops and the Union followed suit in 1863

         The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war

         Occurred in Maryland on September 17, 1862

         Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 23, following the Union victory at Antietam

 

Term

Battle of Gettysburg

Definition

         1863

         July 1 – 3, 1863

         92,000 Union troops fought 76,000 Confederate troops at Gettysburg, PA

         The fate of the Confederacy was sealed on July 4, 1863 with Union victories at Gettysburg (turning back a Confederate invasion of the North) and Vicksburg (giving control of the Mississippi River to the Union)

         The war continued for two more years as the South sought independence and Lincoln demanded union

Term

Siege of Vicksburg

Definition

         The North captured this strong hold to gain control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern states.

         75-day siege

         Northern Army led by Ulysses S. Grant

 

Term

Emancipation Proclamation

Definition

         Changes the nature of the war

         No longer a war only to preserve (keep) the Union

         Now became a war to free the slaves

         The proclamation freed only the slaves in the rebelling territories

         Issued in September, 1862, after the Battle of Antietam

         Went into law January 1, 1863

 

Term

Assassination of Lincoln

Definition

[image]Actor

     Southern sympathizer

     Had wanted to kill Lincoln and keep the war going until the South won

        Ford’s Theatre, Washington, DC

Term

Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox Court House

Definition

[image]Ulysses S. Grant – Leader of the Union Army

        Lee surrendered to Grant

        Brings the Civil War to a close

        April 9, 1865

 

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