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Psychopharm Exam 1
exam 1
241
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/25/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Define: Trade name
Definition
developed for marketing a drug

ex: Lunesta
Term
List: 2 manners of drug use
Definition
1. Instrumental

2. Recreational
Term
Drug potency
Definition
What dose has full effect?
Term
Behavioral Psychopharmacology
Definition
learning, conditioning, reinforcers

ex: DOPAMINE has rewarding effects
Term
Define: pharmacology
Definition
science of how drugs affect the body
Term
Define: Psychopharmacology
Definition
subdivision of pharmacology

study of how drugs specifically affect the brain and behavior
Term
Define: Psychopharmacologist
Definition
study of drugs on psychological processes
Term
Define: Behavioral psychopharmacology
Definition
learning, conditioning, reinforcers
Term
Define: Neuropsychopharmacology
Definition
Neurological processes
Term
Define: Drug
Definition
chemical substance used for its effect on bodily processes
Term
Define: Instrumental drug use
Definition
addresses specific purpose

ex: prozac
Term
Define: Recreational drug use
Definition
use drug to experience its effects
Term
Define: generic name
Definition
descriptive name for drug

chemical structure or drug class
Term
Define: Street name
Definition
developed from sellers, users, makers

may be benign sounding (ADAM instead of MDMA)

describe drug experience (ecstasy)
Term
Define: Dose
Definition
ratio of amount of drug to organisms weight

50 mg/kg
Term
Define: potency
Definition
absolute number of molecules of drug required to elicit a response, a measurement of the dose required

What dose has full effect?
Term
Define: Efficacy
Definition
maximum effect obtainable, with additional doses producing no more effect

ceiling effect
Term
Dose-effect curve
Definition
[image]
Term
What does it mean for a drug to be "twice as potent" ?
Definition
2 drugs produce an equal degree of stimulation, but one exerts this action at half the dose level of the other
Term
Define: ED50
Definition
The dose of a drug that produces the desire effects in 50% of the subjects

---go to graph, find on y-axis 50%
Term
Define: LD50
Definition
lethal dose for 50% of the subjects
Term
therapeutic index
Definition

ratio of LD50 to the ED50 is used as an index of relative safety of the drug

 

LD50 / ED50

Term
What is the equation for therapeutic index?
Definition
LD50 / ED50
Term
How would you calculate a safe therapeutic index?
Definition

LD1 / ED99 

 

Ratio of lethal dose for 1% to effective dost for 99%

Term
List: 3 main subdivisions in psychopharmacology
Definition

1. Pharmacodynamics

 

2. pharmacokinetics

 

3. pharmacogenetics 

Term
Define: pharmacodynamics
Definition

drugs' actions and the receptors responsible for making drug effects

 

what is does in biological systems

Term
Define: Pharmacokinetics
Definition

Movement of drugs in the body

 

absorption, distribiution, metabolism, excretion of drug

 

how does it reach brain? how quickly does it leave the body?

Term
Define: Pharmacogenetics
Definition

how genetics play a role in drugs' properties, individual differences

 

ex: metabolism

Term
Define: Objective effects
Definition

publicly observable

 

"your heart rate is 120"

Term
Define: Subjective effects
Definition

Describe drugs' effects

 

cannot directly be observed

 

feelings, thoughts, emotions

Term
Define: Treatment Arms
Definition
different groups/conditions
Term
Two-Arm Study
Definition
[image]
Term
Three-Arm Study
Definition
[image]
Term
Define: Single-blind experiment
Definition

either the participant (if you're most concerned about subject bias) or the person running participants (if you're most concerned about experimenter bias) is unaware of who's receiving what level of the treatment.

Term
Define: Double-blind experiment
Definition
Both the researcher and participant do not know who is receiving what treatments
Term
Define: Open Label procedure
Definition

Everyone knows what drug everyone is getting

 

more practical and easier to get participants for study

Term
Define: External validity
Definition
how relavent is it? will it help people? is it worth it? can results be GENERALIZED?
Term
Define: Face validity
Definition
How well does the model resemble what you intend to study?
Term
Define: Construct validity
Definition

how is machinery/model similar to what we have in humans?

 

Will this experiment measure what it is supposed to?

Term
Define: Predictive validity
Definition

How well does your study predicy that it'll help others?

 

If it works in an animal model, will it actually work in humans?

 

Can it be generalized?

Term
What is an example of an experiment with poor external validity?
Definition

Thalidomide

 

reduced morning sickness in pregnant women. Teratogenic effects

 

Rats do not contain certain specific enzymes that change the drug; CANNOT BE GENERALIZED TO HUMANS!

Term
What is the IACUC?
Definition

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees



Term
What the 3Rs used to evaluation IACUC proposals? 
Definition

Replacement

 

Reduction

 

Refinement

Term
What are the stages of drug development? (6)
Definition

1. Develop strategy

 

2. Make drugs

 

3. initial screening

 

4. further screening w/ animal models

 

5. safety pharmacology

 

6. Clinical Trials (4 Phases)

 

Term
What are the 4 phases of the clinical trials?
Definition

1. small number of participants, low dose

 

2. higher dose, more participants (most drugs are eliminated here) may have comparison drug

 

3. More participants, higher dose, people with more diverse background. wider sample

 

4. look at adverse side effects in certain populations (smoking, comorbid disorders, etc)

Term
Label the neuron
Definition
[image]
Term
What are the three functions of glial cells?
Definition

maintain homeostasis

 

form myelin

 

provide support and protection for the brain's neurons

Term
List: Components of neurons (9)
Definition

1. Soma

 

2. dendrites

 

3. Receptors

 

4. Axon

 

5. Synapse 

 

6. Synaptic cleft

 

7. first messenger

 

8. Myelin Sheath

 

9. Nodes of ranvier

Term
the ____ contains the nucleus
Definition
soma (cell body)
Term
What does the nucleus contain?
Definition
genetic material of cell
Term
function of dedrites
Definition
receive input from other neurons through receptors located on the dedritic membrane
Term
What is the direction of transmission of information on neuron?
Definition
Dedrite to soma
Term
Function of axon
Definition
Transmits electrical activity from soma to other neurons
Term
Define: Synaptic plasticity
Definition
brain reshapes neuronal connections constantly
Term
Define: Synapse
Definition
point of functional contact between an axon terminal and another cell
Term
Define: Synaptic cleft
Definition
space between presynaptic membrane of one neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of the receiving neuron
Term
What is inside the presynaptic terminal?
Definition
synaptic vessicles
Term
Define: synaptic vessicles
Definition

contains neurotransmitters

 

 

Term
Define: Interneuron
Definition

all parts found within structure

 

ex: nucleus accumbens

Term
Define: Afferent neuron
Definition

axon going into struture

 

ex: dopamine goes from VTA to nucleus accumbens

Term
Define: efferent neurons
Definition
motor neuron: a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord.
Term
Functions of ogliodendrocites
Definition
produce myelin sheathing
Term
Function of astrocytes
Definition

1. facillitate blood-brain-barrier formation

 

2. Respond to injury

 

3. terminate neurotransmission

Term
What happens when brain is injured?
Definition

glial (astrocytes) cells swell up and create scar tissue, prevents brain recovery after damage

 

GLIOSIS

Term
2 types of glial cells
Definition

astroctyes

 

ogliodendrocites

Term
Define: Dorsal
Definition
top of brain
Term
Define: Anterior
Definition
FRONT
Term
Define: Posterior
Definition
back of brain
Term
Define: Medial
Definition
toward middle of brain
Term
Define: Ventral
Definition
bottom of brain
Term
Define: Lateral
Definition
Outside parts of the brain
Term
Horizontal plane
Definition
[image]
Term
Saggital plane
Definition
[image]
Term
Coronal Plane
Definition
[image]
Term
List: 3 Planes of dissection
Definition
1. Horizontal

2. Coronal

3. Saggital
Term
List: 2 Main Branches of Nervous System
Definition
1. Central Nervous System

2. Peripheral Nervous System
Term
What parts of body does Central Nervous System include?
Definition
Brain

Spinal Cord
Term
What parts of body does peripheral Nervous System include?
Definition
nerves that originate in spinal cord and connect spinal cord to organs
Term
What are the two branches of the peripheral nervous system?
Definition
Somatic

Autonomic
Term
What are the 2 branches of the autonomic system?
Definition
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
What are the 2 branches of the autonomic system?
Definition
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
Functions of the SOMATIC nervous system
Definition
-sensations from body - > brain

-brain to the muscles/motor neurons
Term
Functions of the autonomic nervous system
Definition
breathing, salivary glands, etc

UNCONSCIOUS processes
Term
Functions of sympathetic nervous system
Definition
activates organs (increase heart rate, breathing, etc), fight or flight
Term
What are the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Definition
dominant in vegetative states

decrease breathing, heart rate, etc
Term
What is the primary neurotransmitter for the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
Definition
norepinephrine
Term
What is the primary neurotransmitter for the PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
3 parts of the brain stem
Definition
Pons

Medulla

Midbrain
Term
Functions of brain stem
Definition
1. Regulate autonomic functions

2. behavioral learning, attention, response rates
Term
What are the functions of the cerebellum
Definition
proper integration of movement and posture
Term
What are the three major structures of the basal ganglia?
Definition
Caudate

Putamen

globus pallidus
Term
How does dorsal and ventral root ganglia link to the somatic nervous system
Definition
-receives cortex info
-info routed to motor and prefrontal cortex
-selects movements that should be activated
-takes away inhibitors
Term
What are the three regions of the brain?
Definition
1. hind brain

2. mid brain

3. fore brain
Term
Draw and label the spinal cord
Definition
[image]
Term
What parts are included in the hind brain? (3)
Definition
brain stem, cerebellum, pons
Term
What parts of brain are included in the mid brain? (2)
Definition

1. substantia nigra

 

2. Reticular formation

 

Term
What parts are included in the FORE BRAIN? (5)
Definition

1. cerebral cortex

 

2. basal ganglia

 

3. limbic system

 

4. hypothalamus

 

5. thalamus

Term
Function of the medulla?
Definition
Autonomic processes
Term
Where is the medulla located?
Definition
hind brain
Term
How do certain depressant drugs affect the medulla?
Definition

depresses brain stem action

 

inhibits medulla + autonomic functioning

Term
What are the main functions of the hypothalamus?  
Definition

motivating factors (like hunger)

 

integrates autonomic nervous system

 

helps control eat, sleep, emotion, regulation of body temperature, etc

Term
Where is the hypothalamus located?
Definition
forebrain
Term
What is a general functions of the limbic system? 
Definition
integrate MEMORY and EMPTION with autonomic processes
Term
What are the structures of the LIMBIC SYSTEM?
Definition
anygdala and hippocampus
Term
Function of AMYGDALA (2)
Definition

emotion

 

fight/flight

Term
What is the function of the nucleus accumbens? 
Definition
Reward center
Term
What parts of brain are related to EMOTION?
Definition

amygdala

 

hippocampus

 

nucleus accumbens

Term
What are the parts of the cerebral cortex?
Definition

Gyri

 

Sulci

 

Lobes

 

Prefrontal Cortex

 

Parietal lobe

 

occipital lobe

 

temporal lobe

Term
Define: Sulci
Definition
valleys in cerebral cortex
Term
Define: Gyri
Definition
hills in cerebral cortex
Term
Where is the PREFRONTAL CORTEX located?
Definition
frontal lobe
Term
Functions of prefrontal cortex
Definition

integrates emotion, cognition

 

somatosensory cortex

Term
Functions of parietal lobe
Definition
touch
Term
Functions of occipital lobe
Definition
vision
Term
functions of temporal lobe
Definition

auditory

 

speech

Term
List: 4 lobes
Definition

Parietal

 

occipitial

 

temporal

 

Frontal 

Term
What is the role of the thalamus? 
Definition

helps process information from the senses and transmit it to other parts of the brain.


relay sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex

Term
Function of primary motor cortex
Definition
control movement
Term
Where is primary motor cortex located?
Definition
frontal lobe
Term
What are the two primary tracts of the pyramidial motor system?
Definition

lateral corticospinal tract (hands, feet, limbs)

 

medial corticospinal tract (posture, balance, etc)

Term
Functions of lateral corticospinal tract
Definition

movement of extremities

 

hands, feet, limbs

Term
Function of medial corticospinal tract
Definition

posture

 

balance

Term
What is working memory?
Definition
"short term memory" used for tasks
Term
What is an important structure for facilitating working memory?
Definition
pre-frontal cortex
Term
What is long-term (or reference) memory?  
Definition

stored memories

 

can recollect

Term
What is an important structure for facilitating long-term memory? 
Definition
hippocampus
Term
What system or factors may improve cortical arousal? 
Definition

-active cerebral cortex

 

-reticular activating system

 

-glucose and oxygen levels

Term
Function of reticular activating system
Definition

keeps cerebral cortex active/aroused

 

faster neuronal firing

Term
____ keeps cells active and is FUEL for the brain
Definition

glucose

 

oxygen

Term
Define: Ischemia
Definition

low blood flow

 

(plaque, clots, vascular depression)

Term
Define: Hyperamia
Definition

too much blood flow

 

(overdosing)

Term
Role of nitric oxide
Definition
dilates blood vessels
Term
What are the two important functions for cerebral spinal fluid? 
Definition

1. cushions brain

 

2. supplies cells with nutrients and chemicals

Term
Define: Meninges
Definition

material that covers the brain

 

cushions the brain using cerebrospinal fluid

Term
Where is cerebrospinal fluid found? (5)
Definition

around cells

 

ventricles

 

cerebral aqueduct

 

central canal

 

meninges

Term
Function of Blood-brain-barrier
Definition
1. prevents blood from accessing neurons
Term
How is the blood-brain-barrier formed?
Definition
astrocytes
Term
Requirements for a molecule to be able to pass through the blood brain barrier (4)
Definition

1. Small

 

2. Lipid solluble

 

3. uncharged

 

4. active transport

Term
Define: Active Transporter
Definition

channel for substance to move across Blood-Brain-Barrier

 

ex: glucose

Term
What is the blood-brain-barrier made up of?
Definition
tight junctions of endothelial cells built by astrocytes
Term
How many chromosomes do humans have
Definition
46 chromosomes (23 from each parent)
Term
What do genes do?
Definition

found on DNA

 

encode for proteins/traits

Term
What is a polymorphism? 
Definition
encodes for a trait but does so ifferently than most in population
Term
What is a transcription factor? 
Definition

decrease or increase gene transcription

 

-RNA sends copy of gene outside of nucleus for protein synthesis

Term
Trangenic mice
Definition
altere genes or additional genetic material
Term
knock-out mice
Definition

fails to express traits encoded by a gene

 

stop codes in DNA; transcription factor does not activate gnee

Term
What are the issues with knock-out-mice?
Definition

-compensatory changes

 

 

Term
Define: Phenotype
Definition
physiological or behavior changes caused by genetic alteration
Term
Steps of nerve impulse... (4)
Definition

RESTING POTENTIAL (inside is more negative, Sodium channels are closed)

 

EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (Sodium ions enter cell and becomes DEPOLARIZED)

 

THRESHOLD (Sodium channels open and charge becomes more positive for a brief period. sodium closes and potassium escapes from neuron and returns to negative state

 

REFRACTORY PERIOD (stimulus cannot evoke response)

 

RESTING POTENTIAL (Steady, negative state. no ion flow)

 

 

Term
Define: Resting potential
Definition

baseline state

 

more NEGATIVE charge inside cell, sodium channels closed

Term
Sodium-Potassium pump: For every __ potassiums that enter, expel __ sodiums
Definition
For every 2 potassiums, expel 1 sodium
Term
Define: Depolarization
Definition

difference of electrical charges

 

Sodium channels open

Term
[image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Steps of neurotransmission (7)
Definition
1. synthesis of neurotransmitters
-peptides made in soma, others made in terminal

2. neurotransmitters are transported to the axons and dendrites

3. action potentials travel down axon, causes Calcium+ to enter the cell, which allows for neurotransmitters to be released.

4. neurotransmitters bind to receptors and activates

5. neurotransmitters separate from their receptors, may be converted to inactive chemicals

6. reuptake of neurotransmitter by transporter protein
-recycling of neurotransmitters, keep in cleft. inhibitors stop reuptake. 
ex: anti-depressants

7. postysynaptic cells send reverse messages to control further release of neurotransmitters
Term
Draw out steps of neurotransmission
Definition
[image]
Term
Autoreceptor
Definition

neurotransmitter is released from the axon

 

 

Term
Heteroreceptor
Definition
not released from axon
Term
Where are autoreceptors located?
Definition
presynaptic cleft
Term
ionotropic receptors
Definition

ions can travel through receptors. require neurotransmitter to bind before they can open. It is the fastest.


ligand-gated: opens when chemical binds 

Term
Metabotropic receptors
Definition

activated by neurotransmitter, no channel involved. 

neurotransmitter attaches to the receptor, receptor bends + releases G protein.


G-protein then can attach to an ion channel, react on 2nd messengers, alter metabolic activities, or effect gene transcription factors.


THIS IS THE SLOWEST.

Term
Which is faster: MEtabotropic or Ionotropic?
Definition
Ionotropic
Term
What are the two most common amino acid neurotransmitters
Definition

1. GLUTAMATE

 

2. GABA

Term
2 types of receptors for GLUTAMATE
Definition

ionotropic: AMPA, NMDA

 

metabotropic: mGlu    

Group I (excitatory)  Group II (inhibitory)

Term
List the different receptors for GABA.  
Definition

inotropic receptors: GABAA 

 

Metabotropic receptors: GABAB

Term
List the synthesis steps for the catecholamines 
Definition

Phenylalamine

 

tyrosine (from diet)

 

DOPA

 

Dopamine

 

Norepinephrine

 

Epinephrine

 

 

Term
Where are the cell bodies for dopamine neuron found and where do dopamine axons terminate?
Definition

DA cell bodies found in VTA and substantia nigra

 

Axons terminate in: basal ganglia, limbic system, cortex

Term
List the different dopamine receptors
Definition

D1 and DEXCITATORY


D2 through D INHIBITORY

 

Term
Which receptors belong to the D2 receptor family? 
Definition
D2, D3, D4
Term
Which receptors belong to the D1 receptor familiar 
Definition
Dand D5
Term
What are the 2 subclasses for monoamines?
Definition

1. catecholamines

 

2. indoleamine

Term
Define: allosteric site
Definition

on receptor

 

chemical substance site on protein that doesn't activate protein but may influence protein's ability to be activated

Term
Where are the cell bodies for norepinephrine found? 
Definition
locus coeruleus
Term
where do norepinephrine axons terminate? (3)
Definition
thalamus, amygdala, cortex
Term
List the 2 types of adrenoceptors 
Definition

Alpha

 

Beta

Term
List the synthesis steps for serotonin
Definition

Tryptophan

 

5-HTP

 

5-HT

Term
What is the common abbreviation used for serotonin? 
Definition
5-HT
Term
What enzymes breakdown monoamine neurotransmitters?  
Definition
monoamine oxidase
Term
Which enzymes break down norepinephrine and dopamine?
Definition

Catecholomethyltransferase

 

COMT

Term
What are the two subtypes for monoamine oxidase?  
Definition

MAO-A  (found in brain and body)

 

MAO-B (found in body)

Term
Where is MAO-A found?
Definition
brain and body
Term
Where is MAO-B found?
Definition
mainly in body
Term
Where are cell bodies for acetylcholine neurons (i.e., cholinergic neurons) found? 
Definition
basal forebrain
Term

What are the synthesis steps for acetylcholine?

Definition

Acetyl CoA

 

Choline

 

Acetylcholine

Term
What are the two receptor families for acetylcholine?
Definition

Nicotinic: ionotropic, alpha and beta subunits

 

muscarinic: metabotropic; M1 - M5

Term
What is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine? 
Definition

Astercholinesterase

 

AChE

Term
How does Aricept produce cognitive effects through acting on AChE? 
Definition
aricept inhibits AChE; prolonged levels of acetylcholine
Term
What are the unique properties of the neurotransmitter nitric oxide? 
Definition

1. Gas, neurotransmitter

 

2. no synaptic vessicle storage

 

3. diffuses through membrane

 

4. bonds with intracellular proteins

 

5. No membrane receptors

 

6. increases blood flow/activity in brain

Term
What is the function of a neurotrophin?
Definition
promotes growth and survival of neurons
Term
What are the two types of neurotrophins?
Definition

Neuronal Growth Factor (NGF)

 

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)

Term
List the receptors for neurotrophins
Definition

1. Track A

 

2. Track B

 

3. Track C

Term
Draw and label nervous system tree diagram
Definition
[image]
Term
List 4 phases of pharmacokinetics
Definition
1. absorption

2. Distribution

3. Metabolism

4. Elimination
Term
Define: Absorption
Definition
entry of drug into circulatory system

-may depend on administration route
Term
Define: distribution
Definition
passage of drug from blood-strem into organs

-pass through cell membranes capillary vessel walls, Blood Brain Barrier, and placenta

-
Term
List types of membranes in which drugs can pass (4)
Definition
1. blood brain barrier

2. placenta

3. capillary vessel walls
Term
Define: Bioavailability
Definition
-ability of a drug to reach a site of action

-some drugs may pass Blood-Brain-Barrier but are not effective
Term
Define: Metabolism
Definition
-converting drug into 1 or more products, called metabolites
Term
Define: First-pass Metbolism
Definition
-Metaboism that occurs before a drug reaches its site of action

--common for orally administered drugs

-drug is broken down into metabolites and less of drug reaches the site of action
Term
First-Pass Metbolism is common for which route of administration?
Definition
orally administered drugs
Term
Define: Prodrug
Definition
drug an active metabolite is produced from
Term
Define: Elimintion
Definition
process for the elimination of a drug from the body
Term
Elimination rate
Definition
amount of drug eliminated from the body over time
Term
First Order Elimination
vs
Zero-Order Elimination
Definition
First Order Elimination: 1/2 life of drug

Zero-Order Elimination: Set amount of elimination time
Term
List: 3 routes of administration
Definition
1. oral

2. IV

3. inhalation
Term
Oral Administration: How quickly absorb? Absorption amount?
Definition
variable time

30-45% of drug
Term
IV Administration: How quickly absorb? Absorption amount?
Definition
immediate absorption

100% of drug
Term
Inhalation: How quickly absorb? Absorption amount?
Definition
Immediate absorption

close to 100% of drug absorbed because surface area of lungs is huge
Term
Enternal routes of administration involve ___________
Definition
gastrointestinal tract
Term
Examples of Enternal drugs
Definition
oral

rectal
Term
Parenteral routes involve _________
Definition
Not the gastrointestinal tract
Term
Parenteral drug examples
Definition
injected

absorbed through skin

absorbed through mucus membrane

inhaled
Term
Where does most drug metabolism occur?
Definition
liver
Term
Which type of enzymes conduct drug metabolism?
Definition
cytochrome P450 enzymes

CyP1 - CyP3
Term
What is a steady state and how do elimination rates impact a steady state?
Definition
steady state = sustained level of drug in body
Term
Describe each way that a drug can alter neurotransmission (4)
Definition
Binding with receptor sites (mimics)*

Blocking receptor site

Blocking neurotransmitters’ reuptake*

* Increase the likelihood of the receiving neuron firing
Term
Define: Reuptake
Definition
-free neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft are transported into axon terminal and transported to vessicle
Term
Example of REUPTAKE
Definition
SSRI

selectively block reuptake of serotonin transporters

increase serotonin in synaptic cleft; keeps binding to receptors
Term
Catabolism
Definition
enzymes float in axon terminal or synaptic cleft; can break down neurotransmitters

ex: MAO-inhibiters
Term
How do astrocytes terminate neurotransmission?
Definition
absorb neurotransmitters from cleft
Term
passive diffusion
Definition
neurotransmitters float away from synapse
Term
Define: Volume transmission
Definition
overactivity of neuron causes overflow of neurotransmitters
Term
What is a “binding affinity?”
Definition
drug's strength of binding to a receptor

assume that if it's bound for a long time, then effects last for a long time
Term
How do we interpret Kd and Ki values?
Definition
Low Kd value means high affinity

large Kd value means low affinity
Term
What is “receptor efficacy” for G-protein coupled receptors?
Definition
high efficacy for metabotroptic receptors means g-protein becomes mobile
Term
What role does GTP play G-protein activation?
Definition
GTP activation = GTP binds to G-protein and causes it to become active
Term
Agonist
Definition
drug binds to receptor and full activates it
Term
Antagonist
Definition
binds to receptor and doesn't activate it
Term
partial agonist
Definition
binds to receptor and possesses weaker efficacy than full agonist

fewer ions flow through channel
Term
Inverse agonist
Definition
drug binds to receptor and decreases constitutive activity of receptor

g-protein may have already been activated + the drug deactivated it and it attaches to G-protein receptor
Term
positive modulator
Definition
drug that increases ability of drug to activate receptor
Term
negative receptor
Definition
drug that decreases ability of drug to activate receptor
Term
What are the four types of tolerance we find for chronic drug use?
Definition
1. pharmacokinetic tolernce

2. pharmacodynamic tolerance

3. cross-tolerance

4. behavioral tolerance
Term
define: tolerance
Definition
-adaptation to drug's effects that requires taking higher doses to achieve effects
Term
define: pharmacokinetic tolerance
Definition
-drug doesn't move as well in body
Term
define: pharmacodynamic tolerance
Definition
decreased sensitivity at site of action of drug
Term
define: behavioral tolerance
Definition
-ability to perform certain behaviors under drug's effects

routine
Term
define: cross-tolerance
Definition
tolerance to 1 drug = tolerance to other drugs in same class
Term
What is sensitization?
Definition
high responsiveness to drug's effect
Term
What is dependence?
Definition
needing a drug to function normally
Term
Define the two main types of dependence.
Definition
Physical dependence: physiological withdrawl symptoms when drug is withdrawn

Psychoogical dependence: psychological symptoms when drug is withdrawn
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