Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psychopathology: Exam 3
PDM 627 - 655 serotonin transporter protein alleles heritability epigenetics comorbidity of depression and anxiety cognitive vulnerabilities
132
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
02/24/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
list: 3 categories of interpersonal vulnerabilities
Definition
1. maladaptive interpersonal beliefs

2. maladaptive interpersonal behaviors

3. interpersonal self-propagatory processes
Term
what are interpersonal beliefs
Definition
cognitions that involve the relation between the self and others
Term
how can interpersonal beliefs confer vulnerability to psychopathology?
Definition
beliefs about others and self can be biased and maladaptive

lead to psychopathology
Term
define: interpersonal behaviors
Definition
ways individuals attempt to communicate with each other

verbalizations and nonverbal behaviors like tone of voice, eye contact, rate f speech, posture, and gestures
Term
define; self-propagatory processes
Definition
depression-related behaviors produce many interpersonal problems and then these interpersonal problems prolong the depression
Term
transactional models of risk in the development of psychopathology
Definition
similar to concept of self-propogatory

looks at all social components and reciprocal influence of psychopathology
Term
list: 2 forms of interpersonally biased self-beliefs
Definition
1. self-discrepencies

2. perceptions of unmet interpersonal needs
Term
research on development of self-concept in children often focuses on the development of the self-concept into...
Definition
"me attributes"

ex: "i'm pretty." "i'm good"
Term
how can goals be maladaptive?
Definition
sets you up for failure

discrepent self view may lead to emotional discomfort when goals are not met
Term
self-discrepency thery
Definition
discrepencies between self-schema relate to emotional vulnerabilities

3 domains of the self
Term
self-discrepency thery: 3 domains of self list
Definition
1. actual self-concept

2. ideal self-guide

3. ought self-guide
Term
what is the ideal self-guide?
Definition
representation of the self a person wishes to become
Term
what is the ought self-guide?
Definition
representation of the self an individual believes should become
Term
what is the actual self-guide?
Definition
schematic representation of the attributes an individual believes they have
Term
what is an other self-guide/
Definition
what an individual thinks other people want to be, think they are, or think they should be
Term
self-discrepency theory
Definition
people are motivated to resolve discrepencies between actual self and relevant self-guides
Term
attachment theory is based on the notion that...
Definition
children will feel secure in their relationship with their parent to the extent that the parent provides consistent, warm, and sensitive care
Term
attachment theory: secure base hypothesis
Definition
children turn to parents in time of nee

parent is available and responsive

able to be comforted by the parent in a way that allows them to feel better and to return to other activities

when there is a lack of consistent care, children will feel insecure in their relationship with their parent and be unable to use the parent as a secure base
Term
secure base theory: strange situation procedure
Definition
separate kid from parents and observe how they behave when reunited

3 strategies: secure, avoidant, ambivalent resistant
Term
Strange situation procedure: what are the three types of attachment strategies observed?
Definition
1. secure

2. avoidant

3. ambivalent resistant
Term
strange situation procedure: define secure base
Definition
children went to parents upon reunion

were able to be comforted by parents

returned to independent play afterwards
Term
strange situation procedure: define avoidant
Definition
children did not approach the parents upon reunion or actively avoided the parents and then continued with independent play
Term
strange situation procedure: define ambivalent-resistant
Definition
children simultaneously displayed approach toward parents, but the resistance to comfort, and were unable to be comforted
Term
Psychodynamic: how does object relations relate to attachment theory?
Definition
interpersonal relations

baby internalizes relationships and it becomes an object that he/she can take with him/her
Term
why is the critical period important to attachment?
Definition
caregiver needs to be responsive of baby

affects baby's affective state

unable to modulate feelings; caregiver modulates and manages emotion for infant

through that process, baby's brain becomes organized
Term
secure attachment
Definition
caregiver permits access when child seeks closeness and reunion; infant develops expectation that during times of stress the primary attachment object will be available

1. homeostatic disruptions resolved

2. moderate range of arousal

3. mirroring-refueling (other peoples emotions to event determine ours)

4. shame socializing

5. interactive repair

6. moderates risk of low income and depression
Term
insecure attachment
Definition
caregiver shows minimal or unpredictable participation in affect regulation

-impairments in affect regulation leads to attachment activation, anxiety and anger

lack of attunement (mom helps regulate kids emotions) in episodes of practicing grandiosity

-low self-esteem in baby
Term
insecure avoidant
Definition
-successfully draw attention of prent

-monitoring parents' face

-high separation distress

-difficult to comfort at reunion

-mom only partially regulates affect

-tendnecies to intense expressiveness and negative mood response

-slow adaptivity to change

-heightened emotionality and sympathetic arousal
Term
insecure avoidant
Definition
gaze aversion

do not appear distressed when mom leaves

did not approach parents upon reunion
Term
Development of insecure avoidant: primate experiments
Definition
-infants can undergo severe separation reactions even though their mothers are visually but not psychologically available

proximate separations are a potent phenomenon in early personality development

((being close to mom but she is not responding to you))

mother disconnection induces state of hyperarousal
Term
depressed child
Definition
-nonverbal aggressive communication ((terrifying eyes))

-contact aversive mother and hyperaroused infant; infant may shift to despair

-lack of expression of sympathetic arousal from positive emotional states leads to high level of parasympathetic tone; heart rate deceleration, low levels of activity

-emotional flatness

-can develop antisocial personality
Term
define: interpersonal belief
Definition
cognitions about self and others
Term
how is the self developed?
Definition
socially constructed

developed with social interaction
Term
how does the self construal (self concept) operate?
Definition
through activation of relational schema
Term
list: 2 models of interpersonal factors
Definition
1. self-propagatory processes

2. tansactional models of vulnerability
Term
self propagatory processes
Definition
depression and its sequellae include one another

beliefs and interpersonal behavior take on a life of their own
Term
what theory: karen horney
Definition
psychoanalytic social theory
Term
psychoanalytic social theory (karen horney)
Definition
object relations: relationship isn't as important as the way that it is internalized

social and cultural conditions responsible for shaping personality

self exists within interpersonal and intrapsychic concentric fields
Term
where do intrapsychic conflicts originate from?
Definition
interpersonal experiences

Childhood; Basic anxiety -> basic hostility toward caretakers -> more anxiety
Term
list: trends of attitudes towards self + others
Definition
1. moving toward people

2. moving against people

3. moving away from people
Term
moving toward people
Definition
compliant type

(keep hostility hidden)

self-efficating

seeking LOVE and approval

repressed hostility, risk for illness connections between earlier dependency and later illness
Term
moving toward people: connections with illness
Definition
people that move toward people (dependent) earlier in life are at risk for being ill later on
Term
moving against people
Definition
seeking mastery and power over others

"if i have power nobody can hurt me"
Term
moving away from people
Definition
DETACHED type

meed for perfection

independence

"if i withdraw, nothing can hurt me"

Resignation; watching life from outside the action
Term
which trend is associated with resignation?
Definition
moving away
Term
what is resignation?
Definition
watching life from outside the action
Term
Problems of culture according to Horney
Definition
1. neurotic ambition
Term
neurotic ambition
Definition
idealized image includes...

a compulsive drive toward superiority

seeking vindictive triumph (grows out of childhood; real or imagines humiliations)
Term
4 goals of Horneyian psychotherapy
Definition
1. helps patient grow to self-realization

2. realize strengths and weaknesses

3. give up their idealized self-image

4. change self-hatred to self-acceptance

5. focus on LOVE, MASTERY, FREEDOM
Term
3 things that horneyian psychotherapy focuses on
Definition
1. love

2. mastery

3. freedom
Term
why is horney important?
Definition
1. inspired the interpersonal school of psychoanalysis

2. provided a model of how to work with the present in therapy
Term
what are interpersonal beliefs?
Definition
things that the individual brings to interactions

cognitions about relationship between self and others
Term
what did singer and salovey find out about schema?
Definition
schemata may continue to guide information processing even in the face of disconfirming evidence
Term
explain how an erroneous interpersonal schema can lead to maladaptive interpersonal behavior
Definition
an erroneous interpersonal schema leads to biased information processing, which changes their behavior towards others
Term
how do you collect information about the self (self schemata)?
Definition
activating an association of networks of knowledge structures about typical interpersonal situations and the beliefs and emotions activated in those situations

---we learn about ourselves and develop a self-schema by analyzing our interpersonal situations we have been in and the feelings and beliefs associated with those sitations
Term
how does a maladaptive schema create a vulnerability to psychopathology?
Definition
Relational schema (what you think/feel about your interactions with others) are activated to process information about the self. The beliefs about the self influence your future interactions with others and reactions of others
Term
what factors profoundly affect a relational schema? (2)
Definition
status and power differences
Term
list: 2 theories developed by relational personality theoriests. who were they developed by?
Definition
1. self-in-relation

2. beings-in-connection

developed by WOMEN
Term
self-in-relation theory
Definition
women’s sense of self becomes organized around being able to make and maintain relationships
Term
relational cultural theory
Definition
a theory of development based on the value of connection

--all growth occurs in connection

--All people yearn for connection
Growth fostering relationships are created through mutual empathy and mutual empowerment
Term
empathy
Definition
complex cognitive affective ability

intersubjectivity is the ability to infer what others are thinking and feeling and anticipate their responses in specific situations
Term
what is intersubjectivity? what is it relating to
Definition
the ability to infer what others are thinking and feeling and anticipate their responses in specific situations

relating to EMPATHY
Term
4 goals of psychological development
Definition
1. participation in mutually empathic and empowering relationships

2. connection arises naturally from empathy

3. each person engaged in affecting and being affected (Want to be known)

4. assisting each other in coming more fully into clarity and relatedness
Term
what questions did miller ask?
Definition
how do people interact with others who are different from them?

when do these differences stimulate the development and enhancement of both parties?

when do differences have negative effects?
Term
what is the main problem with diversity?
Definition
there is an inequity of status, power, resources
Term
list: 2 types of inequity
Definition
1. temporary

2. permanent
Term
temporary inequity
Definition
the "superior" or more powerful party has more control over "lesser"

example: parents/children, teachers/students

goal is to end period of difference

relationship based in service (giving) to lesser party

how to help movement from nonequal to equal
Term
permanent inequity
Definition
unequal by means of birth or primary characteristic

race, sec, religion, etc

no assumption of a goal to end inequality

dominant group exerts subtle and overt differences of acceptable roles

subordinates assumed to be unable to perform preferred roles (like being a CEO)

myth = challenged only when some drastic event occurs (example: males absent for WWII; women put to work)
Term
what is the myth relating to permanent inequality? when is this myth challenged?
Definition
subordinates assumed to be unable to perform preferred roles (like being a ceo)

challenged only when some drastic event occurs (example: WWII, males absent; put women to work)
Term
what is stereotype threat?
Definition
anxiety about not being able to do something because of role

affects performance
Term
what happens when subordinates show potential for characteristics that the dominant group is only supposed to have? (like leadership)
Definition
considered unusual or abnormal

subordinates encouraged to develop qualities pleasing to the dominant group (submissiveness, weakness, inability to act or decide)
Term
what characteristics are lesser groups expected to display?
Definition
submissiveness, weakness, inability to act or decide
Term
how is the model for normal, healthy relationships developed?
Definition
based off of behavior of dominant group
Term
what does the subordinate group concentrate on? why?
Definition
SURVIVAL

consequences of challenging expectations is huge

resort to disguised and indirect ways of acting and reacting.

subordinates internalize dominant beliefs
Term
negative aspects of being in the dominant group
Definition
never have true knowledge about self because everyone is lying to you and kissing your ass

understanding of self is gained through impact on others

mutually enhancing interactions don't happen between unequals and conflicts can arise
Term
what is a self propagatory process?
Definition
depression and its consequences induce one another and propagate themselves

(make each other worse)
Term
the categorical self: toddler years
Definition
Categorize the self on a number of dimensions; good/bad, attractiveness, girl/boy

2 forms of interpersonally based self-beliefs: Self-discrepancies and perceptions of unmet interpersonal needs
Term
2 forms of interpersonally based self-beliefs
Definition
Self-discrepancies

perceptions of unmet interpersonal needs
Term
self-discrepency theory
Definition
Self discrepancies emerge through socialization which lead to the creation of goals for self imrovement

failure elicits emotional discomfort

owned self vs ought self

use significant people in life to guide our feelings about self

when you fall short of what significant others desires or requires of you, creates emotional distress

Vulnerabilities to psychopathology; ideal and ought self-guides from the “other” standpoint; a “to do” list for self improvement
Term
self-discrepency theory: cause of vulnerability to psychopathology
Definition
Vulnerabilities to psychopathology; ideal and ought self-guides from the “other” standpoint; a “to do” list for self improvement
Term
Depression and self-discrepencies
Definition
Among people meeting criteria for major depressive disorder; greater magnitude of ideal self-discrepancies
Term
Actual vs Ought self discrepancies: how are they developed during childhood?
Definition
parental interactions with primarily negative outcomes; rejecting

The distress of not meeting self-standards is paired with the memory of emotional distress generated from parental criticism
Term
which clinical population has a greater magnitidue of ought self-discrepencies
Definition
social phobia and other anxiety disorders;
Term
Actual vs Ideal self discrepancies: how is it developed?
Definition
parental interactions with absence of positive outcomes
Term
Self awareness theory
Definition
Increasing self focus; related to increase in comparison of self to standards of correctness

attempts to match self to standards or to withdraw; depends on outcome expectancies (favorable or not)

When expectations are unfavorable, withdrawal is more likely


Increasing discrepancy -> increasing effort to withdraw

The relationship between the level of negative feedback and the extend to which the feedback decreases self-efficacy and increases self-dissatisfaction can either motivate a person or impede goal directed action
Term
Suicide as a means to escape from self
Definition
-kind of paradoxical, because suicide is the ultimate self-destructive act

-suicide levels are high in affluent countries, because they often have high expectations

-If hopelessness is controlled as a variable, depression ceases to be a statistically sig cause of suicide

-Awareness of the self’s inadequacies -> negative affect and need to escape that painful feeling

-High standards and expectations coupled with specific current failures setbacks and stresses; and recent acute disappointments

-may occur if the standards are excessively high; or events are unusually bad
Term
list: Perceptions of unmet interpersonal needs; relating to suicide
Definition
1. no sense of belonging (vulnerability to suicide)

2. loneliness

3. peer rejection



---the beliefs and behaviors we bring to the interpersonal sphere influence the reactions of others
Term
how can conduct disorder become developed?
Definition
parents do not provide supervision or rewards for prosocial behaviors

not consistent in punishment for antisocial behaviors (leads to development of anxiety and hostility)

enters peer group with bad social skills and is rejected, so becomes friends with other rejects
Term
how can conduct disorder become developed?
Definition
parents do not provide supervision or rewards for prosocial behaviors

not consistent in punishment for antisocial behaviors (leads to development of anxiety and hostility)

enters peer group with bad social skills and is rejected, so becomes friends with other rejects
Term
what population/group has a high rate of suicide? what is this relating to?
Definition
Peer rejection in LGBT youth

Thwarted need to belong; powerful predictor of psychological pain and vulnerability for psychopathology
Term
list: maladaptive interpersonal behaviors
Definition
1. ability to communicate and interact with others in an appropriate and effective manner

2. remaining sensitive to others

3. controlling behaviors and emotions

4. attending to social cues
Term
how can maladaptive interpersonal behaviors lead to depression?
Definition
Low social skills -> increase in depressive symptoms in the presence of negative life events
Term
what maladaptive interpersonal behaviors are shown in social phobia?
Definition
longer and more frequent pauses

less eye contact

less speech fluency
Term
maladaptive interpersonal behaviors in depression
Definition
different vocal patterns in conversational speech

Voices of depressed people; perceived negatively by others

less eye contact

Social interactions of depressed people likely to involve negative content when interacting with intimate partner (marital disruptions correlates with depression)

not likely to meet needs of partner
Term
Depressogenic cycle
Definition
withdraw and avoid the very situations they need to alleviate the loneliness.
Term
what kind of model is "negative feedback seeking" ?
Definition
self Propagatory process
Term
negative feedback seeking
Definition
self-verification; need a consistent understanding of who we are

People’s constructs are their reality and the guide for their behavior; anticipating events (gives perception of predictability and control)

if we know what to predict, social interaction goes smoothly
Term
Depressive state; seeking explanation
Definition
-select partners that verify our negative views

-interpret others evaluations as if it were consistent with depressed self concept

-seek negative reviews of self (propagatory process)
Term
Excessive Reassurance Seeking
Definition
moderates the relationship between depression and social rejection in adults

 cycle of seeking without satisfaction; induces negative feelings and responses. Eventually leads to rejection and further need for reassurance
Term
Blame maintenance
Definition
self-propagatory process

partners of depressed persons develop mental representations of them that bias future perceptions; even when depression has lifted
Term
list: self propagatory processes for depression
Definition
1. blame maintenance

2. Excessive Reassurance Seeking

3. seeking explanation

4. negative feedback seeking
Term
Interpersonal-Interactional perspective on depression
Definition
depressive processes best understood as a result of exchanges between the depressed person and the environment
Term
Intergenerational Relational transmission
Definition
mediated by the depressed mother and child interactions; each one’s moods affect the other.
Term
List: Developmental effects of interpersonal factors on depression in children; three domains
Definition
1. Parents

2. teachers

3. peers

Parents serve as model
Teachers feedback contributes to attributional style
Rejection by peers  depression if the rejection is perceived and is attributed to a personal flaw
Term
Interpersonal protective factors (against vulnerability
Definition
1. resiliance

2. Helping children connect and develop interpersonal skills

3. balance between vulnerability and protective factors
Term
Interpersonal Psychotherapy: premise and goals
Definition
premise: relationships are intertwined with the symptoms of depression

goals: decrease symptoms of depression and and improve functioning in relationships
Term
Theory behind Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Definition
1. experiences in relationships are most important events for triggering emotions

2. actions should be understood as occurring in an interpersonal context

3. people have a strong propensity to develop close intimate relationships with particular others and disturbances in these relationships causes psychological distress
Term
interpersonal psychotherapy: benefits supported by research (4)
Definition
1. Decrease or remission of depressive symptoms

2. Resolution of acute interpersonal crisis

3. Improvement of interpersonal functioning by enhancing the patient’s ability to build or utilize social supports, improvement of significant relationships

4. A secondary goal: Psychoeducation and monitoring of symptoms helps the client becomes an expert in his/her own depression.
Term
interpersonal psychotherapy: steps
Definition
1. biopsychosocial assessment: signs and symptoms of depression, enduring traits and behaviors, history of social functioning

2. Systematic Interpersonal Inventory of current and past relationships: imagine and describe when he/she had good relationships, what was happening in her/his world when onset of depression hit? what was going on in relationships at onset?

3. Interpersonal Inventory: identify which relationships contribute to depression, which ones can change?
Term
interpersonal psychotherapy: therapists' role
Definition
1. Active/ Encouraging (hopeful; not neutral)

2.Allows the client to be a “sick role” with depression; Diagnosis is made with a medical model

3. Emphasizes options for change

4. Promotes problem solving; the primary problem associated with the depression is identified

5. Attends to the therapeutic alliance
Term
4 problem areas with case formulation
Definition
1. transitions

2. role disputes

3. grief

4. interpersonal deficits
Term
problem areas in formulating a case: transitions
Definition
Should be evidence that the depression is related to life events that involve significant changes in social role; often involve loss of supports; difficulty managing accompanying emotions, demands for new social skills, lowered self-esteem
Term
problem areas in formulating a case: role disputes
Definition
Conflicts with significant other associated with onset of depression. May or may not be able to fix it. Assess what options are. Goals = remit depression and resolve dispute; negotiate a settlement. If relationship dissolves, help client move into role transitions
Term
goals: role disputes
Definition
remit depression and resolve dispute; negotiate a settlement. If relationship dissolves, help client move into role transitions.
Term
problem areas in formulating a case: grief (and relating goals)
Definition
prolonged, complicated bereavement; when the onset of depression coincides with the death or an anniversary event related to the death of a sig. other.

goals: facilitate mourning (its ok to be sad) process and the development of a clearer, more realistic picture of the totality of the relationship with the lost other.
Term
problem areas in formulating a case: interpersonal deficits (and relating goals)
Definition
lack of social support

inadequate or unsustaining relationships; interpersonal hypersensitivity

alleviate depression and start work on reducing social isolation
Term
Development and regulation of emotion in the attachment process
Definition
1. Epigenetic sequence of adaptive issues negotiated by mother in infant

2. Attachment facilitates transfer of regulatory capacities from caregiver to infant

3. Emotion is initially regulated by others -> increasingly self regulated due to neuropsychological maturation

4. Infant learns about and develops ability to identify, tolerate, and express more complex emotions

5. Growth of connections between cortical limbic and subcortical limbic structures;

6. “the baby will become attached to the caregiver who is able modulate and to minimize the experience of negative affect

7. • caregiver provides sensory experience through soothing, rocking and change of position (vestibular and proprioceptive stimulation)

8. Baby learns to regulate internal states through the caregiver responsivity and the adaptation to environmental demands.
Term
Bartholomew model: what is it?
Definition
defines attachment styles based on models of self + others

anxiety lvl about self vs attitude about others
Term
Bartholomew model: low anxiety about self = positive view about people
Definition
secure

comfortable with intimacy and autonomy
Term
Bartholomew model: low anxiety about self, don't like others
Definition
dismissing of others

counter dependent
Term
Bartholomew model: high anxiety about self and positive feelings about others
Definition
preoccupied with relationships
Term
Bartholomew model: high anxiety about self, hate pople
Definition
fearful of itimacy

socially avoidant
Term
Bartholomew model: list 4 types of attachment
Definition
1. secure

2. preoccupied

3. fearful

4. dismissing
Term
Bartholomew model: secure
Definition
sense of self-worth and sense that others are trustworthy
Term
Bartholomew model: preoccupied
Definition
personal unworthiness but positive evaluations of others

Dependent; clingy and compliant, self deprecating; avoids competition and may lose self in relationships

• OCD hypervigilance, Histrionic; superficiality, attention seeking related to lack of positive attachment experiences along with engulfing parent Greatest risk for alexithymia
Term
Bartholomew model: fearful
Definition
• personal unworthiness and fear that others can’t be trusted; fearful of intimacy;
avoidant personality; rarely sufficiently reassured; paranoid;
may be distortion about reality and negativity about others
Term
Bartholomew model: dismissing
Definition
• sense of self; worthy but low evaluation of and lack of trust in others;
antisocial; exploit, manipulate; view emotion as weakness; “I need to be powerful or others will take advantage of me.”


schizoid " I’m OK but people are indifferent and the world is difficult"
Term
what attachment style is associated with borderline personality?
Definition
disorganized

shifts from positive and negative views of self and others; inconsistent self view

shifts among the negative attachment styles; fearful, dismissing, preoccupied

high risk for alexithymia
Term
how can attachment styles change?
Definition
shifts from secure to insecure style are related to one or more negative life events (divorce, death of parent, serious illness in parent, etc)

change in the face of consistent disconfirming evidence
Term
cultural differences in attachment styles
Definition
Japan: infants that develop insecure-resistant are desired
Term
attachment as risk factor for Eating Disorders
Definition
Eating disorder symptoms may arise to relieve separation distress during adolescence

Bingeing may help regulate affect and decrease anxiety about attachment figures

Altering appearance to disengage from attachment situation; control

• anorexia; can be related to avoidant (dismissing) or resistant (preoccupied) may function to maintain proximity to attachment figures in the transition to adolescence
Term
anorexia is related to which attachment style?
Definition
to avoidant (dismissing) or resistant (preoccupied)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!