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Psychopathology
Psychopathology
98
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
01/03/2017

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Term
Sullivan et al., 2000
Definition
Found a 30-40% heritability rate for depression
Term
Caspi et al., 2003
van Praag, 2004
Definition
Found low serotonin levels in those with depression
Term
Tomarken et al., 2004
Definition
Found that people with depression, and those at risk, tend to have reduced left prefrontal cortex activity
Term
Fournier et al., 2010
Definition
Meta-analysis suggesting that SSRIs are only better than placebos for severe depression
Term
Fountoulakis et al., 2013
Definition
Meta-analysis claiming that the efficacy of SSRIs is unrelated to initial severity and there is no scientific ground to deny antidepressants to those with mild depression
Term
Blatt, 2004
Definition
Suggests the psychodynamic idea of dependent or self-critical depression
Term
Dependent Depression
Definition
Psychodynamic label of depression that includes feelings of loneliness, helplessness, and fear of abandonment
Term
Self-critical Depression
Definition
Psychodynamic label of depression that includes feelings of unworthiness, inferiority, failure, and guilt
Term
Neuroanatomical changes in those with depression are found in the:
Definition
Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, and amygdala
Term
Therapeutic Delay
Definition
SSRIs increase serotonin levels within a few hours, but the patient won't feel effects for weeks
Term
Psychodynamic Approach to Depression
Definition
Focus on unconscious feelings, particularly in relation to interpersonal relationships
Term
Freud's original theory of depression
Definition
A response to loss and characterised by internalised anger/negative feelings, mourning of the idealised self
Term
Modern Psychodynamic Approach to Depression
Definition
Focus on early attachment/childhood experiences, and their role in leading to an internal representation of self/other and expectations for relationships
Term
Luyten et al., 2007
Definition
Psychodynamic criticism: dependent or self-critical depression - cause or effect?
Term
Heim & Binder, 2011
Definition
Early life adversity increases the risk of depression
Term
Edwards, 2003
Definition
Multiple early life adversities increase risk of depression
Term
van Harmelen et al., 2010
Definition
Childhood maltreatment found to reduce volume in PFC and other areas involved in regulating emotion
Term
Cicchetti & Toth, 1998
Bifulco et al., 2002
Definition
Parental depression increases risk of insecure attachment, which increases the risk of depression
Term
Behavioural Model of Depression
Definition
Lack of positive reinforcement and a vicious cycle between low mood and withdrawal
Term
Seligman & Maier, 1967
Definition
Learned helplessness
Term
Learned helplessness
Definition
Occurs when an individual gives up trying due to belief they cannot succeed
Term
Abramson et al. 1978
Definition
Passivity > increased frequency of negative events > reinforced beliefs + attribution = learned helplessness
Term
Cognitive Model of Depression
Beck et al., 1979
Definition
Depression caused by environmental triggers which activate the negative cognitive schemas (core beliefs) formed in childhood
Term
Cognitive Features of Depression
Definition
Relentless negative thoughts, self-criticism, rumination, lack of presence, hopelessness, suicidal thoughts
Term
Emotional Features of Depression
Definition
Feeling low, empty, unable to enjoy life, tearful, irritable, guilty
Term
Physical features of depression
Definition
Tired, lethargic, restless, agitated, sleep and nutrition disruptions
Term
Behavioural Features of Depression
Definition
Social withdrawal, avoidance, indecisiveness, inability to relax
Term
Kupfer, 1991
Definition
At least 50% of people who experience depression go on to experience another episode
Risk increases to 70% and 90% after second and third episodes
Term
Social Roles
Definition
Most likely explanation for gender differences in depression
Term
Loewenthal et al., 1995
Definition
Fewer gender differences in certain cultures/communities e.g. Anglo-Jewish community
Term
Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987; 1999
Definition
Women more likely to ruminate, men are more likely to distract
Term
Cognitive Model for Anxiety
Definition
It is the biased interpretation of normal experiences that leads to the development of disorder
Term
CBT for OCD
Definition
Obsessions as normal intrusive thoughts which are appraised (interpreted) as indicating responsibility to prevent serious harm
Term
CBT for OCD
Definition
• Compulsions as neutralising strategies which alleviate anxiety in short-term but perpetuate it in the long run
Term
CBT for OCD
Definition
• OCD maintained by attention/reasoning bias (on the alert for threat), effects on mood (feeling low/anxious > focus on threat), and unhelpful safety strategies (e.g. avoidance)
Term
CBT for Panic
Definition
Panic attacks caused by catastrophic misinterpretation of physiological changes
Causes heightened anxiety and further physiological changes, leading to a vicious cycle
Term
Clark, 1986
Definition
• Threat > Anxiety > Sensations > Interpretation > Amplification of sensations and anxiety > Hypervigilance > Threat
Term
Clark et al., 1997
Definition
People with panic disorder lean towards catastrophic interpretation of bodily situations
Term
Feldner et al., 2003
Definition
Acknowledgement of sensations and feelings in biological challenge tests
Term
Biological Aetiology of Panic Disorder
Definition
Noradrenaline over-activity - increased sensitivity
Term
Wells, 1995
Definition
General Anxiety Disorder
Term
Type 1 Worry
Definition
Worrying about things in your life
Term
Type 2 Worry
Definition
Worrying about worrying
Term
Maintenance of GAD
Definition
Meta-beliefs, unhelpful behaviours, control strategies, and low mood
Term
Romer & Orsillo, 2002
Definition
explored the role of worry as a covert avoidance mechanism, suppressing physiological arousal/other unpleasant feelings
Term
Borkovec, 1999
Definition
Individuals with GAD more likely to endorse such positive beliefs about worry
Term
Borkovec & Hu, 1990
Definition
Worry as avoidance as it decreases physiological autonomic arousal
Term
Young et al., 1997
McLeod et al., 2007
Definition
Psychodynamic: Rejection as a childhood risk factor of GAD
Term
Shin & Liberzon, 2010
Definition
Hyper-activity of amygdala as cause of anxiety
Term
Furmack et al., 2002
Definition
Evidence that successful treatment may reduce excess activation of amygdala in social phobia
Term
McLean et al., 2011
Definition
33% of women and 22% of men will experience any of the anxiety disorders throughout their lives
Term
Insecure attachment and/or Childhood trauma
Definition
Psychodynamic: may lead to heightened sensitivity to threat and low self-confidence
Term
Biological Approach to PTSD
Definition
Hyper-active amygdala inhibits the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex leading to fragmented memories
Term
Ehlers and Clark, 2000
Definition
Sense of threat maintained by prior beliefs, nature of memory, and avoidance
Term
Brewin (2001)
Van der Kolk (1994)
Definition
Fast cortical pathway processing of trauma memories
Term
Characteristics of PTSD
Definition
Re-experiencing, avoidance, negative thoughts / feelings, and hyper-arousal
Term
Nature of trauma memories
Definition
Fragmented, intrusive, not time tagged, frozen in time, highly sensory
Term
Kilcommons & Morrison (2005)
Definition
Underdiagnosed PTSD in those with psychosis
Term
Morrison et al., 2003
Definition
Psychosis & PTSD: cause, effect, or trauma the risk factor?
Term
Brain Regions Involved in PTSD
Definition
Amygdala, Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus
Term
Bisson et al., 2007
Definition
Evidence that CBT treats PTSD
Term
Experiential Reliving
Definition
detailed recounting of the trauma experience in the safe context of therapy
Term
Cloitre et al., 2010
Definition
Importance of timing for experiential reliving
Term
Gur et al, 2000
Definition
Reduced prefrontal cortex volume in psychosis
Term
Torrey, 2005
Definition
Enlarged ventricular spaces in those with psychosis
Term
Carsonn, 1963
Madras, 2013
Definition
Elevated dopamine levels in those with psychosis
Term
Freud's theory of Psychosis
Definition
regression to state of primary narcissism (oral stage)
Term
Fromm-Reichmann, 1948
Definition
Schizophrenogenic mothers
Term
Modern psychodynamic theory of Psychosis
Definition
Failure to develop an integrated self - intense conflicts and fears projected as hallucinations
Term
Behavioural Approach to Psychosis
Definition
operant conditioning and reinforcement – bizarre behaviour reinforced by attention from others
Term
Cognitive Approach to Psychosis
Definition
irrelevant associations/over-attention, attributional and interpretational biases, theory of mind deficits
Term
Double-bind hypothesis
Definition
Psychosis as a result of contradictory messages from loved ones in intense family relationships
Term
Communication deviance
Definition
Psychosis influenced by communications that are puzzling, difficult to follow
Term
Brown et al., 1958
Definition
Expressed Emotion: emotionally intense, often hostile
Term
Social Causation Theory (Fox, 1990)
Definition
Mental illness as a result of the stress of poverty and homelessness
Term
Social Drift Theory
Definition
Poverty as a result of social exclusion due to mental illness
Term
Diathesis-Stress Model
Definition
Predisposition + stressors trigger development of disorder or relapse
Term
Bendall et al., 2008
Definition
Some evidence of relationship between childhood trauma and psychotic disorders
Term
(Elkit & Shevlin, 2011)
Definition
Sexual victimisation predicts psychosis
Term
Psychosis
Definition
a collection of different symptoms that leave a person feelings frightened or confused; such as a disturbance in thoughts, language, sensory perceptions, emotional regulation, and behaviour
Term
Torgersen et al., 2000
Definition
Genetic predisposition to BPD
Term
Biological Approach to BPD
Definition
Reduced serotonergic activity in PFC – thought to inhibit ability to modulate or control impulsive behaviour
Term
Klein, 1952
Definition
Object Relations Theory
Term
Object Relations Theory
Definition
early childhood relationships give rise to internal, emotion-laden representations of “self” and “other”, and expectations for relationships
Term
Linehan, 1993
Biosocial to BPD
Definition
Emotion deregulation due to transaction between biological vulnerability and invalidating environments
Term
Characteristics of BPD
Definition
Poorly regulated emotions, impulsivity, impaired perception / reasoning, disturbed relationships
Term
Herman et al., 1989
Definition
Child abuse as significant risk factor for BPD
Term
Paris et al., 1994
Definition
Abuse and highly controlling fathers as risk factors for BPD
Term
Waller, 1994
Definition
Sexual abuse before 14 as predictor for BPD
Term
Mind, 2007
Definition
Controversy of BPS label
Term
Mansell, 2009
Definition
Trans-diagnostic Approach
Term
Trans-diagnostic Approach
Definition
Moving away from diagnostic categories to focus on the common processes which may underlie multiple psychological disorders
Term
Harvey et al., 2004
Shared problems
Definition
Attentional Bias
Distressing Images
Safety seeking behaviours
Recurrent negative thinking
Term
Gilbert et al.
Definition
Compassion focused therapy
Term
CFT
Definition
Focus on self-criticism and shame
Term
Judge et al., 2012
Kirby, 2016
Definition
Sig. reductions in depression, self-criticism, shame & increases in self-assurance after CFT
Term
Gilbert et al., 2004
Definition
Forms of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassuring Scale
Term
Emotional Regulation Systems (Gilbert)
Definition
Drive, Soothe, and Threat System
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