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Psychology: Unit 3
Dr. Broom, Unit 3, General Psychology
123
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/12/2011

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Term
cognitive psychology
Definition
the study of mental activities: concept formation, problem solving, decision making and judgment
Term
cognition
Definition
mental associated with processing, understanding and communicating information
Term
concept
Definition
mental grouping of similar objects, events or people
Term
prototype
Definition
the best example of a category
Term
algorithm
Definition
methodical, logical procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem (ex: aisle by aisle in the supermarket)
Term
heuristic
Definition
strategy that is much more error prone. allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
Term
insight
Definition
sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. "ah ha moment"
contrasts with strategy based solutions
Term
wolfgang kohlet's experiment
Definition
on insight: chimpanzee stacked boxes to get to bananas
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
tendency to search for information that confirms preconceptions
Term
fixation
Definition
inability to see a problem from a new perspective. impediment to problem solving
Term
functional fixedness
Definition
tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
ex: using a screw driver when you could have just used a dime
Term
language
Definition
our spoke, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
Term
phoneme
Definition
in a spoke language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Ex: dog: D_O_G
Term
morpheme
Definition
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
may be a word or part of a word
Term
grammar
Definition
a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate and understand others
Term
semantics
Definition
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from words, sentences in a language
Ex: what does the word virgin mean?
Term
syntax
Definition
the rules for combining wrds into grammatically sensible sentences
EX: the dog ran fast vs dog the fast ran
Term
stuttering
Definition
a speech disorder that involves repeating or prolonging a word
Term
aphasia
Definition
impairment of language which occurs when someone suffers injury to the language areas of the brain
Term
Braca's Aphasia
Definition
they can understand words but can not produce words
Term
Wernicke's Aphasia
Definition
in area of brain for language comprehension. the inability to understand others or even themselves when they speak
Term
linguistic determinism
Definition
whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
studied Hopi indians (no use of the past tense)
Term
Body Language
Definition
subleties of body language can communicate information
do we have different types of body language in different situations?
Term
memory
Definition
indication that learning has persisted over time
Term
flashbulb memory
Definition
some events stay with us and define our world as before and after
Term
3 steps of information processing
Definition
encoding, storage and retrieval
Term
atkinson-schiffrin three stage model of memory
Definition
sensory memory, short term, long term
Term
encoding
Definition
effortful vs. automatic (keyboard)
Term
automatic encoding
Definition
route to your school, space, time,
Term
effortful encoding
Definition
requires effort: new info like a friends phone number, studying
Term
Mnemonics
Definition
memoriy aides (rhymes, clues, hints)
Term
Chunking
Definition
organizing items into familiar manegable units
Term
hierarchies
Definition
complex info broken down into braod concepts and then further subdevided into categories etc.
Term
short term memory
Definition
limited in duration and capacity (magic number of 7)
Term
long term memory
Definition
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Term
explicit memory
Definition
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (hippocampus)
Term
implicit memory
Definition
retention without conscious recollection (cerebellum)
Term
recall
Definition
the ability to retreive info learned earlier and not in conscious awareness (fill in the blank test)
Term
recall
Definition
the ability to retreive info learned earlier and not in conscious awareness (fill in the blank test)
Term
recognition
Definition
the ability to identifu reviously learned items (multiple choice test)
Term
relearning
Definition
amount of time saved when relearning previously learned information
Term
priming
Definition
activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory
Term
deja vu
Definition
cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retreival of an earlier simular experience
Term
mood congruent memory
Definition
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current mood
Term
spacing effect
Definition
we retain information better when we rehearse over time
Term
serious position effect
Definition
when your recall is better for the first and last items on a list but poor for middle items (grocery list)
Term
interference
Definition
learning some items may disrupt retreival of other information
Term
proactive
Definition
forward action: disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
ex: took french thru high school...interferes with spanish in college
Term
retroactive
Definition
bawards acting: disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information
Ex:decides to go back to french, and new spanish now interferes with recalling old french knowledge
Term
motivating forgetting
Definition
people unknowingly revise their memories
Term
repression
Definition
a defense mechanism that banishes anziety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from the consciousness
Term
memory construction
Definition
we filter information and fill in missing pieces
Term
misinformation effect
Definition
incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event
Term
source amnesia
Definition
attrivuting the worng source to an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
Term
post-event information
Definition
information given after and event can distort our memory
witnesses to crimes can be led to misrecall by misleading questions
Term
intellegence test
Definition
a method of assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others using numerical scores
**Alfred Binet
Term
Mental age
Definition
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Biney
Term
Chronological age
Definition
age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
ex: child who does as well as the average 8-year old is said to have a mental age of 8
Term
intellegence
Definition
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Term
general intelligence
Definition
factor that spearman believed underlies specific mental abilities
measured by every task on an intelligence test
number of 100
Term
social intelligence
Definition
the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
ex: bill clinton is actually really nice-politics can be pushed aside
Term
emotional intelligence
Definition
ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
ex: person everyone goes to
Term
creativity
Definition
the abiity to produce novel ideas
Term
aptitude test
Definition
a test designed to predict a person's future performance
Term
aptitude
Definition
the capacity to learn
Term
achievement test
Definition
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
Term
WAIS test
Definition
most widely used intelligence test
uses verbal and non-verbal
Term
standardization
Definition
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested 'standardized group'
Term
normal curve
Definition
the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
most scores fall near the average
Term
flynn effect
Definition
we are getting smarter as a nation
Term
reliability
Definition
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
assessed by consistenct of scores on both halfs of test, alternative forms, and retesting
Term
validity
Definition
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Term
content validity
Definition
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
ex: driving test that samples driving tasks
Term
criterion (predictive validity)
Definition
success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the vriterion behavior
Term
mental retardation
Definition
a condition of limited mental ability
intelligence score below 70
difficulty adapting to demands of life
Term
best predictors of IQ
Definition
socioeconomic class and mother's IQ
Term
personality
Definition
an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feelings and acting
Term
four basic perspectives of personality
Definition
psychoanalytic
trait
humanistic
social cognitive
Term
psychoanalytic perspective
Definition
freud worked with patients suffering from nervous disorders that he coulnt explain physically
so he started looking into emotional aspects for an explanation
Term
freuds theory of personality
Definition
attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
Term
dream analysis
Definition
different methods to analyze the unconscious mind by freud. interpreting manifestations and latent content of dreams
Term
free association
Definition
method of exploring the unconscious
person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind
Term
unconscious mind according to freud
Definition
a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
Term
unconscious mind, contemporary belief
Definition
information processing of which we are unaware
Term
preconscious mind
Definition
information that is not conscious but it is retreivable
Term
id
Definition
a reservoir of the unconscious psychic energy
strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
Ex: baby-meet my needs now, doesnt care if youare asleep
Term
superego
Definition
the part of personality that presents internalized ideals
provides standards for judgement for future aspirarions
-what is the best thing to do, high achievements
Term
ego
Definition
executive
it makes the decisions: balances between the id ego and superego
these are all impacted by biological impulses, our desire for pleasure and social restraints
Term
psychosexual stages
Definition
childhood stages of development during which the pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Term
oedipus complex
Definition
a boys sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the father
Term
electra complex
Definition
a girls desire for her father
Term
freuds sexual stages of development
Definition
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Term
identification
Definition
the process by which children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos
Term
fixation
Definition
a lingering focus of please-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage
Term
defense mechanisms
Definition
the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Term
regression
Definition
an individual retreats, when faced with anxiety
Term
reaction formation
Definition
a defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposition
people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
Term
projection
Definition
when people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Term
rationalization
Definition
defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
Term
displacement
Definition
shifts impulses toward a more acceptable outlet
ex: take anger out on something else
Term
sublimation
Definition
re channeling of unacceptable impulses into socailly approved activities
take up boxing
Term
alfred adler
Definition
importance of childhood social tension
Term
karen horney
Definition
sought to balance freuds masculine biases
Term
carl jung
Definition
emphasized the collective unconscious
Term
projective test
Definition
a personality test, that provides stimuli designed to trigger projection of one inner dynamic
Term
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Definition
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about scenes
Term
inkblot test
Definition
seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation of the blots
Term
trait
Definition
a characteristic pattern of behavior
a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-reported inventories
Term
Hans and Sybil Eysenck
Definition
used two primary personality factors as axes for describing personality variation
Term
empirically derived test
Definition
a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
Term
humanistic perpective
Definition
processing the conscious feelings about oneself in the light of experiences
Term
abraham moslow
Definition
studies self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people
Term
self actualization
Definition
psychological need that arises after needs are met and self esteem is achieved
Term
carl rogers
Definition
focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals
requires: genuineness, acceptance, empathy
Term
unconditional positive regard
Definition
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Term
self-concept
Definition
our thoughts and feelins about the answer to the questhin, who am i?
Term
self esteem
Definition
feelings of high or low self-worth
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
a readiness to perceive onesefl favorably
Term
reciprocal determinism
Definition
the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
Term
personal control
Definition
whether we control the environment or if the environment control us
Term
external locus of control
Definition
the perception that chance or outside forces control/determine our fate
Term
internal locus of control
Definition
the perception that we can control our own fate
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
when unable to avoid adverse events
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