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Psychology- Chapter Three
definitions form chapter 3.
41
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
08/30/2012

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Term
Consciousness
Definition
our awareness of ourselves and our enviroment.
Term
dual processing
Definition
the principle that information is often simultaneously process on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.
Term
selective attention
Definition
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
Term
inattentional blindness
Definition
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. (gorilla example)
Term
change blindness
Definition
failing to notice changes in the environment.
Term
circadian rhythm
Definition
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (example: of temperature and wakefulness) that occur in a 24 hour period.
Term
the biological clock
Definition
light striking the retina signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN to supress the pineal gland's production of sleep hormone melatonin. At night the SCN quiets down, allowing the pineal gland to release melatonin into the bloodstream.
Term
REM sleep
Definition
rapid eye movement sleep; a reaccuring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. also know as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
Term
alpha waves
Definition
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
Term
sleep
Definition
periodic, natural loss of consciousnesses, is distinct to being unconscious,in a coma, or anesthesia.
Term
hallucination
Definition
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
Term
delta waves
Definition
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
Term
insomnia
Definition
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
Term
narcolepsy
Definition
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
Term
sleep apnea
Definition
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
Term
night terrors
Definition
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
Term
dream
Definition
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. dreams are know for their hallucinations and for the dreamers acceptances of these.
Term
manifest content
Definition
according to Freud, the remembered part or storyline of a dream. This has hidden content.
Term
latent content
Definition
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of dream (distinct from it manifest content)
Term
REM rebound
Definition
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. this happens if a person is repeatedly awakened during sleep.
Term
hypnosis
Definition
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another person (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
Term
posthynotic suggestion
Definition
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
Term
dissociation
Definition
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
Term
psychoactive drug
Definition
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.
Term
tolerance
Definition
the diminishing effect with regular use of a drug, requiring the individual to take larger substances in over to get the desired effects.
Term
withdrawal
Definition
the discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing the use of an active drug.
Term
physical dependence
Definition
a psychological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
Term
psychological dependence
Definition
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.
Term
addiction
Definition
compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences
Term
depressants
Definition
drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. Like alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates.)
Term
barbiturates
Definition
drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement.
Term
opiates
Definition
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroine, they depress neuron activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
Term
stimulants
Definition
drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Term
amphetamines
Definition
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speed-ed up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
Term
methamphetamine
Definition
a powerful addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dropamine levels.
Term
ecstasy (MDMA)
Definition
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but has short term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.
Term
hallucinogens
Definition
psychedelic (mind manifesting) drugs, such as LSD, that distorts perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
Term
LSD
Definition
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also know as acid.
Term
near-death experience
Definition
an altered sate of consciousness reported after a close brush with death. similar to drug related hallucinations.
Term
THC
Definition
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
Term
1. alchohal
2. heroin
3. caffeine
4. methamphetamine
5. nicotine
6. ecstasy
7. marijuana
Definition
1. depressant. initial high followed by relaxation and dis-inhibition.
2. depressant. rush of euphoria, release form pain.
3. stimulant. increased alertness and wakefulness.
4. stimulant. euphoria. alertness, energy.
5. stimulant. rush of euphoria, confidence and energy.
6. arousal. relaxation. sense of well-being.
7. stimulant, mild hallucinogen. emotional elevation, dis-inhibition.
8. enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation.
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