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| finding that somehting has happened makes it seem inevitable |
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| an awareness of our own vulnerability to error and an openness to surprises and new perspectives |
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| What do you mean? How do you know? |
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| once people know the answer, hindsight makes it seem obvious - so much so that they become overconfident |
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| examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
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| explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
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| testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
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| a check on biases, psychologists report their research with precise operational definitions of procedures and concepts (others are able to replicate the original observations) |
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| describe behaviors, often using case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observation |
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| associate different factors |
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| manipulate factors to discover their effects |
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| examines one individual in depth in hopes of revealing universal principles |
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| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group |
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| all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn |
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| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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| a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other |
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| a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) |
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| a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables, the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables, the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation) |
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| a perceived but nonexistent correlation |
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| a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variables) |
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| assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |
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| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo |
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| experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent |
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| the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable |
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| the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
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| the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
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| the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variables |
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| the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution |
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| the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing the number of scores |
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| the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it |
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| the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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| a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
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| a symmetrical, bell-shaped cure that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes) |
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| a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
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| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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